Questions:

1. The essence and content of military etiquette.

2. Basic rules of cultural behavior of military personnel.

Throughout the development of human civilization, each society has been guided by moral guidelines (a common moral strategy). For their practical implementation, simple and clear rules of etiquette were developed. Knowledge of them and the ability to follow them formed and forms the external culture of a person, helps him to show his attitude to others and respect for them in the best possible way.

1

The origin of etiquette in the form of a primitive system of rules of behavior occurred in primitive society. It arose from the objective need to regulate relations between people in the process of their life and was one of the necessary conditions for the preservation of the human race.

Actually, the very history of etiquette (translated from French means "label", "ceremonial") is usually counted from the XYI century. During the European Renaissance, the upper nobility and nobility, as if competing, scrupulously followed the rules of accepted etiquette, especially honoring the beauty of external behavior, the ability to conduct small talk. This concept was firmly established in the Russian language in the XVIII century, when the reforms of Peter I began to establish broad political and cultural ties between Russia and the leading European states. But Peter, trying to teach the nobility the rules of European etiquette, did not follow the path of thoughtless and blind copying. He introduced etiquette, taking into account the Russian reality, the rules of folk wisdom already accumulated and reflected in written sources regarding the moral way of thinking and acting. The Russian army was not aloof from the introduction to the norms of cultural behavior. Special collections and manuals were widely distributed, which set out the requirements for the behavior of military personnel in a clear and often aphoristic form. Among the sailors, they were called "Rules of courtesy of an officer", among the dragoons - "Honor reminder", among the lancers - "Honor instruction". In 1699, the first statutory provisions "Company Infantry ranks" and "Military Articles" appeared in the army, defining the rights and duties of soldiers. On their basis, in 1716, on the instructions of Peter I, the "Military Charter" was developed and put into effect, and in 1722 the "Table of Ranks". These and other documents regulated almost all forms of relations between military personnel. Thus, the articles of the" Military Charter " instructed commanders to monitor their subordinates so that they would not allow violations under pain of punishment, pointed out that it was not appropriate for a Russian soldier and officer to engage in looting and violence, and obliged them to treat prisoners humanely. At this time, the introduction of certain attributes of military etiquette in the Russian army also applies: uniform military uniforms with differences in the branches of the armed forces, the allocation of guards with appropriate distinctive signs, etc. These progressive provisions of Peter's military documents were developed later by A. V. Suvorov, M. I. Kutuzov and other Russian military leaders and commanders.

Thus, etiquette, being an integral part of the general culture of a person, is a certain system of rules of behavior that regulate the external manifestations of human relationships. It provides for a benevolent and respectful attitude towards people, respectful attitude towards elders, polite treatment of women, forms of address and greetings, rules of conversation, behavior at the table, compliance with the requirements for a person's clothing in various circumstances, etc. That is, everything that makes communication between people convenient and relaxed. Depending on the activity of a person in different spheres of society, various types of etiquette are distinguished: professional, civil, diplomatic, and others. One of the varieties of civil etiquette is military.

Military etiquette is a set of rules of conduct based on the principles of morality, requirements of military regulations, and traditions of the Armed Forces. The very nature of army and navy reality requires people to show precision, punctuality, commitment, politeness and tact. Ensuring military order aims the serviceman to respect his superiors and colleagues, to show mutual assistance and generosity. All this is actually the basis of military etiquette.

In order for each serviceman to be able to constantly regulate his activities, taking into account military etiquette, it is necessary first of all to study his requirements. In this regard, it is advisable to focus on such concepts as" speech "and" non-speech " etiquette. So, speech etiquette regulates the form of contacting your superiors, talking to friends, or talking on the phone. However, speech can be written as well as spoken. Therefore, speech etiquette also includes the specifics of preparing a report, drawing up a report, and writing a personal letter. Components of non-speech etiquette - movements, gestures, facial expressions, even glances. They must comply with ethical and aesthetic standards. After all, they sometimes convey the attitude to the interlocutor better than words.

Other components of etiquette are politeness, tact, modesty, dignity, etc. Politeness is essentially the basis of etiquette and represents compliance with the basic rules of decency. It includes: attentiveness, benevolence, willingness to provide a service to those in need, and delicacy. The opposite of politeness is rudeness, rudeness, showing arrogance and disdain for people. Thus, politeness characterizes the behavior of a person for whom respect for others has become a daily norm of behavior and a habitual way of living with them.

A person's behavior can be tactful or tactless. A sense of tact is the ability to behave in different situations not only in accordance with the general rules of behavior, but also in such a way as to meet aesthetic and ethical requirements. In other words, a tactful person tries to prevent situations that create awkwardness. Tactfulness implies the ability to understand the needs and experiences of another.

Tact is associated with modesty. Being humble means being demanding and self-critical of yourself, your abilities, and your behavior. Modesty is also a form of personal awareness of their responsibilities to society and others. It is inextricably linked with naturalness - the ability to be who you are. To have tact, to be modest, natural in behavior, to have a sense of proportion - this is the manifestation of the rules of good taste.

Along with modesty and naturalness, a person should have self-respect and self-esteem. Personal dignity and a sense of honor will not allow a person to be dishonest, humiliated or suffer insults.

The basic norms of military etiquette are set out in the General Military Charters of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Thus, Article 64 of the Internal Service Charter of the Russian Federation states that " military personnel must constantly serve as an example of high culture, modesty and self-restraint, preserve military honor sacredly, protect their own dignity and respect the dignity of others... Relations between military personnel are built on the basis of mutual respect." Compliance with these requirements will allow everyone to feel proud of belonging to the Armed Forces, and better realize their spiritual and physical capabilities.

2

What are the requirements of military etiquette for the personal qualities of military personnel today?

One of the characteristic features of military etiquette is the presence of "vertical" connections established between commanders and subordinates, senior and junior. The relationship of subordination follows from the very essence of a military organization, which is able to subordinate the actions of people to a single will. It can be manifested only in the implementation of the principle of unity of command, which allows commanders and superiors to give orders and orders. Therefore, the relationship between the boss and subordinate is so important. They are based on efficiency, respect for the senior in rank, and discipline. So, a serviceman must stand up if a senior officer enters the room. This is the same moral norm as the need to ask permission to enter or leave the room where the boss is located. If the meeting with the latter occurred at the door, then the subordinate should give way to him, not forgetting to greet him. When talking to your boss, you should not look down and speak hastily. You should not abuse the attention of your boss, do not delay the conversation with him, and save his time.

It is equally important to observe the rules of relations between equals in position and rank. The charter requires all military personnel to address each other as "you". Although in some other everyday situations, those who know each other well also resort to the more familiar "you". Among the moral ties that develop horizontally, unfortunately, there are such negative phenomena as non-statutory relationships, rudeness, the desire of some soldiers to " rise above others by humiliating the latter. All this is evidence of low human culture. Here it will be useful to recall the words of A. N. Radishchev:

"Only then will you become a person when you learn to see a person in another." Polite and respectful relations with everyone, military brotherhood-the key to the strength and strength of the army team.

One of the oldest military rituals that has survived to this day is the giving of military honor. In the tsarist army, 2 fingers were applied to the military headdress, and in the Soviet and Russian armies - the palm. This tradition originated in the XIII century among the knights. When they met in the" clear field", they had no intention of engaging in battle, they raised the visors of their metal helmets. And although they were later replaced by helmets, cocked hats, caps, etc., the custom of raising your hand to the headdress remained.

Juniors greet their seniors first. If there are people of equal rank, then the one who is more well-mannered greets first. Failure to comply with this requirement is by no means a manifestation of special courage or an indicator of the "experience" of a serviceman, as some believe. This is just an obvious sign of his elementary impoliteness and lack of culture, disrespect for traditions.

In official relations, the appearance of a serviceman, his personal charm, the ability to hold himself, and accuracy in clothing are of no small importance.

Military uniforms have long served as a means of outlining the country's armed defenders. It was one of the first types of awards in Russia. With the uniform, with the appearance of a soldier, each regiment associated its former glory and future victories. This tradition is also relevant for the Russian Army. The neat appearance of a serviceman indicates respect for himself and others. But the desire of individual warriors, so to speak, to "improve" their form of clothing does not at all give them a more comely appearance, but only makes them ridiculous in the eyes of others. "The beauty of military clothing consists in the equality and conformity of things with their use," said G. A. Potemkin. Clean, well-ironed clothes, polished shoes, and a neat hairstyle should distinguish a serviceman from others. A serviceman in uniform is not supposed to carry anything in his hands except a tablet, a field bag, and in extreme cases, it is allowed to carry a briefcase or a briefcase. This allows you to maintain your bearing and external dignity. The neat and lovingly worn military uniform of a serviceman is also a kind of advertisement for the army service, the profession of defender of the Motherland.

Speech plays a huge role in official etiquette. It is the most important element of the universal culture of a serviceman, the most striking indicator of his upbringing. A. S. Pushkin wrote about the speech of a military man: "No matter what syllable is a soldier, everyone is fit to serve." Meanwhile, army collectives often turn into a kind of "school of slander". In all cases, the use of profanity is a demonstration of limitations, underdevelopment, lack of culture, rudeness. It must be remembered that even the best and most cordial conversation loses a lot if the interlocutor's language is clogged with slang words, if his pronunciation, intonation unpleasantly cut the ear. It is very important to try to speak correctly, calmly, with restraint, without raising your voice. It is noted that too fast speech is difficult to follow, and slow speech tires the interlocutor.

And in conclusion, a few tips on how to behave in public places. Generally accepted rules indicate that the youngest in age and rank are always introduced first to the elders, subordinates - to their superiors, and one person - to a married couple or group of people. If one person is introduced to several, then he clearly identifies himself and bows slightly. The presentation usually ends with a handshake. At the same time, the first person to whom you were introduced gives his hand. It is not customary to shake hands across the table. If the elders do not give their hands when they meet, you should bow slightly. The man always stands up during the introduction.

The basis of behavior on the street should be a respectful and friendly attitude towards others. Walk straight through the streets, keeping to the right side of the sidewalk. No matter how fast you are, don't push passers-by. If you have caused someone any trouble, you should apologize. Military personnel should refrain from smoking, eating on the go. It is indecent to throw garbage anywhere.

Using intra-city and suburban transport, a serviceman will always let elderly people, women with children pass in front of him when boarding, and if necessary, help them. It is the duty of a young man in uniform to stand up and offer his place to these people and their superiors.

The law of behavior of a military man and an important sign of his culture is the habit of arriving in advance at the theater, concert hall or cinema. You can pass between the rows of seats in the auditorium only by turning your face to the person sitting. In the museum, at an exhibition, in the theater, you can not talk loudly, walk noisily.

These and other rules of etiquette are not burdensome for a serviceman. An intelligent, cultured young man, coming to military service, easily, without visible effort, fulfills them.

At the same time, just knowing the rules of etiquette does not determine the decent behavior of a serviceman, just as knowledge of the statutory provisions does not guarantee against violations of military discipline. It is important that knowledge becomes beliefs, and following beliefs becomes the norm of life and service.

Good manners, tact, and courtesy of a serviceman in dealing with other people also serve to increase the honor and dignity of the unit where he serves, and the honor and dignity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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