M. G. IVANOVA, I. V. ZHURBIN
M. G. Ivanova 1, I. V. Zhurbin 2

1 Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

4 Lomonosov St., Izhevsk, 426004, Russia

E-mail:adm@ni.udm.ru

2 Institute of Physics and Technology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

132 Kirova St., Izhevsk, 426000, Russia

E-mail: zhurbin@udm.ru

Introduction

The use of natural science methods in Russian archeology has a long tradition. Their application, as the results of interdisciplinary research convincingly prove, provides the possibility of reasonable reconstructions of the life support system and economic activity of the ancient population (for example: [Natural Science methods..., 1997, 1998, 2000; Molodin, 2002; Molodin et al., 2001; Kargaly, 2002, 2003; Chicha..., 2004; Shishlina, Goleva, 2000]). That is why, in the last decade, the comprehensive study of archaeological sites has become the rule rather than the exception. Within the framework of these projects, geophysical studies were conducted to obtain preliminary information about the structure and layout of monuments - multi-grid electrometry and electromagnetic sounding, high-precision magnetic field measurements and ground-penetrating radar surveys. Soil-geochemical, paleobotanical and palynological methods made it possible to reconstruct the climatic and ecological conditions during the functioning of archaeological sites; the results of archeozoological studies, supplemented by data from paleobotany and other methods of research. palynology, - the life support system of the ancient population. Information about the structure and composition of individual finds significantly clarified the understanding of their manufacturing technology, economic and trade relations. These data were obtained during petrographic and metallographic studies, based on the results of spectral analysis. Dating methods, anthropological reconstructions, and molecular genetic analysis played an equally important role. Computer technologies such as databases, computer graphics, and geographic information systems were used in some projects to organize and summarize excavation materials. The principal point that ensured the high efficiency of interdisciplinary research was the integrated use of several methods of natural sciences for analyzing the materials of the archaeological site under study. At the same time, the monument itself became a kind of testing ground for long-term and multi-purpose research. It was the application of a group of methods that allowed us to obtain versatile characteristics of elements of the cultural layer, significantly refine the information obtained as a result of excavations, and solve many problems related to the analysis and interpretation of archaeological materials.

A similar approach was used in studies of the ancient Udmurt settlement of Idnakar in the IX-XIII centuries, one of the largest settlements in the Volga-Kama region and the Urals (Ivanova, 1998). At present, more than 9 thousand m2 have been uncovered, and a significant part of the area has been studied.-

The research is carried out with the financial support of the RGNF-Ural program (project No. 05-01-80104a/U).

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All structural parts of the monument were examined, dozens of residential, industrial and economic structures were examined, and a huge collection of clothing material was obtained. Since the early 1990s, the settlement has been implementing a program of interdisciplinary research using a complex of natural science methods - geophysics, archeozoology, paleobotany, soil science, and computer technologies.

Main results of archaeological research

Idnakar hillfort is located 2 km west of the village. Soldyr of the Glazovsky district of the Udmurt Republic, now included within the administrative boundaries of the city of Glazov (Fig. 1). It occupies an extensive promontory of a high indigenous coastal terrace formed by the valleys of the Cheptsa River and its right tributary, the Cheptsa River. Pyzep. From the east, on the floor side, there are two powerful shafts, the outer one limits the site, the middle one divides it into two approximately equal parts. Despite the long plowing and construction of modern structures, the ramparts are clearly visible today. The total area of the monument is approx. 40 thousand m2. During the construction of the settlement, the topographical features of the cape were taken into account as much as possible, with the possibility of controlling the surrounding territory and further expansion. Perfectly viewed from the side of Cheptsy and Glazov, this monument is still the standard of a medieval fortress in the forest zone.

Three settlements, four burial grounds, a number of separate localities, and a treasure trove of silver ingots are located in the area of the ancient settlement within the five-kilometer economic zone (Ivanov, 1995). One of the burial grounds was discovered near the ancient settlement in 2000 and examined in 2001-2002. 92 burial sites were studied on an area of approx. 500 m2. The clothing complex, including individual unique ornaments, generally fits into the chronological framework of the XI-XII centuries (Ivanova, 2002). It was certainly abandoned by the population of the Idnakar settlement during a certain period of operation, probably the most active. Thus, for the first time in the Cheptsy basin, the most complete complex of a whole bush of medieval monuments was obtained, including the largest ancient settlement, a number of burial grounds and villages.

The settlement is mentioned in the 17th-century censuses. [Luppov, 1958, p. 186, 332, 334], the first descriptions of it as an archaeological site are contained in the works of A. A. Spitsyn [1893] and N. G. Pervukhin [1896]. Large excavations using the method of mutually perpendicular trenches in 1927-1928 were carried out by S. G. Matveev (the results of the research are not published). Since 1974, the monument has been investigated by an archaeological expedition of the Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of M. G. Ivanova. To the first place

Fig. 1. Location of the ancient Udmurt settlement of Idnakar in the IX-XIII centuries.

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Fig. 2. Plan of the Idnakar settlement.

For a decade, excavations of the Idnakar hillfort were carried out for security purposes. By the end of the 1980s, with the accumulation of materials, the extremely important role of the monument in the historical, cultural and socio-economic reconstructions of the Middle Ages began to be revealed, so the research was expanded and continues to the present day (Figure 2). The excavations were laid in such a way as to study all the structural parts of the ancient settlement-the inner and middle II and VI), the area between the middle and outer ramparts (excavation III). Special attention was paid to defensive structures. At the same time, all the lines of fortifications were studied-internal (excavation I-1993), middle (trench 1988, excavations IV - 1989 and V - 2000), external (trench 1992, excavation VIII-2004). Since 1992, in parallel with archaeological excavations, geophysical measurements have been carried out on an unexplored area. parts of the ancient settlement. In several sites, electrometric data were verified by excavations (1993, 1999, 2002-2004). Thus, almost the entire area of the inner and middle parts of the settlement, with the exception of the destroyed sites, was covered by interdisciplinary research.

The obtained data allowed us to formulate the concept of development of Idnakar. The settlement was founded in the second half of the 9th century. The initial area bounded by the inner rampart and moat was about 10 thousand m2. Here, on an area of 4126 m2, the remains of 45 structures were studied [Ivanova, 1998, Fig. 6, 13]. According to the nature of the layer, two main construction periods are distinguished, although in some areas the stratigraphic occurrence of buildings allows us to determine three and four stages. Of course, the buildings were rebuilt several times during their operation, but in most cases their location did not change significantly. The adobe base was updated, and the sections of it reflect more of the perestroika. The new structure was built approximately within the same boundaries. Only in some cases are the buildings of the late period slightly displaced or based on a new location. But in general, the general pattern of placement of structures remained.

The early stage includes 28 structures, including 17 residential, 7 industrial and 4 economic ones. In a later period, 15 of them (13 residential and 2 economic) continued to function, 4 residential, 5 industrial and 5 economic were newly built. Residential structures occupied the central part of the site and were located in not quite clear rows, stretched from the cape part to the rampart, but at a later stage, dwellings were erected near the inner rampart, deployed along the long sides of the site. In the southern and northern parts there were industrial and economic facilities. The development of the settlement from the very beginning was very dense, so it could only develop by expanding the territory.

In the X century, a second line of fortifications was built at a distance of 74 m from the inner one. The area of the settlement reached 20 thousand m2 and acquired a two-part structure.-

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the tour. The materials of this part have not yet been summarized, however, according to preliminary data, it seems that the buildings continued to build on the inner platform. The dwellings were preceded by structures for economic and industrial purposes, which lay directly on the mainland.

In the XI century, at a distance of 130 m from the middle rampart, the third line of defensive structures was erected and the area of the settlement reached 40 thousand m2. With the settlement of the new site, the dwellings in their former places were updated. In this part of the settlement, the remains of 8 buildings, 64 pits, and many holes from pillars and stakes were studied, indicating its active functioning [Ibid., fig. 23, pp. 71-80]. Significant destruction of the layer forces a very cautious approach to the interpretation of structures.

The middle and outer shafts differ from the inner ones in the absence of log structures and significant power as a result of repeated extensions. Analysis of the stratigraphy of defensive structures shows that with the development of the third part of the settlement, its two-part structure was preserved. No later than the XI century. the inner rampart lost its significance and was demolished, and industrial facilities were placed in the filling of the moat. The contour of the inner defensive wall was reconstructed using geophysical methods (Ivanova et al., 1998).

As a result of systematic research of the ancient settlement, the main features of residential, partly economic and industrial structures of the medieval population are clearly defined. The main archaeologically recorded components of the dwelling are a tightly packed area of bright orange dry clay, hearths and adjacent utility pits; industrial and utility structures -a clay area. Pits differ in character

3. Plan and profile of the dwelling 1. Idnakar hillfort. Excavation in 1997 a - the boundary of the excavation; b - the boundaries of clearly fixed layers; c-the proposed boundary of dwelling 1; d-pits from pillar structures; e - a layer of calcined clay; d - filling of utility pits; g-fragments of wooden blocks; h-hearth stones.

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fill-ins. Outbuildings sometimes lack a hearth. The dwellings were rectangular in shape, ranging in size from 20 to 64 m2. Their long sides were oriented along the north-south line. The utility pit for supplies could be rectangular or round, up to 2.0 - 2.5 m deep, and more often half or completely extended outside the house. Its walls were sheathed with boards, logs split in two, bast or birch bark, which were supported at the corners by stakes. A cluster of burnt stones with a concentration of ashy soil is usually called a hearth. Comparative analysis reveals significant differences in the area of distribution of stones, their size, the height of the preserved part of the accumulations, the degree of ash concentration, finds, etc. As an example, we cite unpublished materials of one of the most characteristic structures studied in 1997 in the middle part of the settlement (Fig. 3). Its outlines were found directly under the arable layer and were recorded against the background of a light gray ashy layer and dark humus on a clearly bounded spot of calcined red clay measuring 1.67×2.70 m. Somewhat lower in the eastern part, the remains of wooden blocks lay in the humus layer. At the level of the second and third horizons, the dimensions of the structure were 5.40×8.75 m, the clay platform - 2.1×4.5 m. In the eastern part of the structure, on a layer of dark humus, the ruins of three hearths located along the eastern wall and functioning at different times were found. At the northern and southern borders of the structure there were pits for storing supplies, filled with humus, loamy variegated flowers with coal inclusions and clay layers.

Within the structure, 23 holes were recorded from pillars and stakes supporting parts of internal structures. It can be assumed that it was a log structure of a sub-rectangular shape, measuring 5.40×8.75 m, oriented along the north-south axis. Along the eastern wall there were foci, directed by the mouth to the center. In the western part of the structure, the floor was made of mud. Two utility pits adjoined the southern and northern walls. Judging by the presence of foci, the nature of the foundation of the structure, and the composition of finds, it can be classified as residential. In terms of their structural and planning elements, the dwellings of Idnakar and other Chepetsk settlements show the greatest similarity with the Upper Kama buildings of the X - XIV centuries and the houses of traditional Udmurt architecture.

The rich materials obtained as a result of the research of the monument created the basis for the reconstruction of the life support system, many aspects of the material and spiritual culture of the medieval population, which at the end of the I - beginning of the II millennium AD.

it formed a peculiar core of the emerging Udmurt nation. And even in the early period of its functioning, Idnakar had the significance of a military-defensive, agrarian-craft, commercial, cultural, socio-administrative center of a consolidated ethno-social community. But here, as in other Finno-Ugrians, the processes of forming urban features were not completed.

Main results of geophysical research

Geophysical studies were carried out using an automated electrical exploration complex "Idnakar" developed at the Institute of Physics and Technology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Izhevsk). The measurement results determine the location of archaeological objects made of various materials, as well as changes in the nature of the cultural layer. The developed method allows performing layer-by-layer measurements. The complex is based on the original method of multigrid electrometry. A specialized software system provides processing and visualization of measurement results, as well as their subsequent interpretation [Alekseev et al., 1996; Zhurbin and Malyugin, 1998].

The formulation of the problem of electrometric studies at the Idnakar site differed from the traditional approach. In most cases, geophysical methods that allow predicting the location of archaeological sites are used at the preliminary stage, before excavations are carried out. Due to the fact that as a result of systematic archaeological research of the Idnakar settlement in the 1970s - 1980s, the nature of the cultural layer was revealed and the general principle of planning was established, such a task was not relevant. The main problem that was solved with the use of electrical exploration was to restore the layout of the part of the settlement where no archaeological excavations were planned. In the future, as a result of combining the geophysical "map" and archaeological plans, it is possible to reconstruct the layout of the settlement as a whole. In accordance with this, the initial stage of complex research was associated with the assessment of the applicability of existing equipment and measurement methods for searching for archaeological sites in Idnakar (Alekseev et al., 1995). Preliminary geophysical measurements were carried out in the 1993 excavation (see Figure 2). The location of the territory of electrometric studies turned out to be extremely favorable from the point of view of approbation of the technique, since on this site there was a fragment of the base of the internal defensive rampart and an adobe wall.

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construction site. Currently, the inner shaft on the surface is not visually traced, since it was excavated no later than the XI century [Ivanova, 1998, pp. 20-22]. A comparison of the geophysical "map" and the archaeological plans obtained after the excavations revealed the coincidence of the shapes of anomalies and contours of archaeological objects. The absolute error of determining the boundary of the shaft and the mud platform according to electrometry data did not exceed 0.25 m.

Later, based on the results of geophysical studies in 1993 - 2000, the layout of the main archaeological sites that determine the structure and layout of the settlement (fortifications, mud-brick construction sites, hearths and pits) was constructed. The total area on which the measurements were carried out is more than 6000 m2, and in some areas the electrometry data were confirmed as a result of excavations (see fig. 2). On the basis of a generalized" map " of the location of anomalies (Zhurbin and Zelinsky, 1999, Figures 3-5), the location and boundaries of the inner rampart, mud-brick sites of structures and pits were identified. In the future, the classification of anomalies was the basis for reconstructing the layout of the central part of the Idnakar settlement (Fig. 4). For ease of description, the selected anomalies that presumably correspond to archaeological sites are numbered. A long dark area oriented along the north-south line (item 1) displays the internal defensive rampart. Small dark areas correspond to areas made of baked clay that are the bases of residential and industrial structures (items 4 - 27), light gray areas correspond to individual pits or groups of them (items 28-60). In addition, extended anomalies of low resistance are identified along the northern and southern slopes of the hill in the area between the inner and second (middle) defensive ramparts (objects 2, 3). Their shape, size, and level of resistance are similar to the parameters of the inner rampart. The anomalies are oriented perpendicular to the line of the latter and "connect" it with the line of the middle shaft (see fig. figure 2). This suggests that in ancient times the inner part of the settlement, in addition to natural protection (steep hillsides in the north and south), had additional defensive structures. Of course, this assumption requires verification. Fairly confident interpretation

4. Layout of the central part of the Idnakar settlement according to electrometry data. a - numbers of geophysical anomalies; b-d-anomalies corresponding to: b - defensive structures (N 1-3), c-foundations of structures (N 4-27), d-pits (N 28-60). The coordinate grid corresponds to the archaeological one.

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The analysis of the listed archaeological sites is based on a comparison of the results of archaeological and geophysical studies at test sites (Alekseev et al., 1995; Zhurbin and Zelinsky, 1999). Analysis of complex data allowed us to determine the level of resistance of anomalies corresponding to various types of archaeological sites, and the accuracy of determining the shape of the latter by the geophysical method. Additional information for interpretation was provided by the results of long-term archaeological excavations, which revealed the main patterns of orientation of structures and their placement in five rows running along the site of the settlement from the cape part to the rampart (Ivanova and Chernykh, 1992).

Archaeozoological research

The osteological collections of the ancient settlement were studied by A. G. Petrenko (excavations in 1974-1978), O. G. Bogatkina (excavations in 1989-1991, 1999-2002), N. I. Burchak-Abramovich (excavations in 1974-1978), and V. N. Kalyakin (excavations in 1999-2000) [Petrenko, 1984, 1991; Bogatkina, 1995]. According to A. G. Petrenko, the huge amount of bone remains on the ancient settlement indicates a significant vital activity of its population [Petrenko, 1991, p. 68]. From her observations, it follows that 47% of the collection is made up of domestic animals, among which cattle (48 %) and horses (31%) predominate, much less small cattle (15%), pigs (2 %) and dogs (4 %). The majority of the horse population lived to the age of six or nine (63 %), which may indicate their great importance for economic needs. Judging by the morphometric characteristics of the bone remains of horses, the height at the withers was 128-136 cm, i.e. they belonged to the category of medium-sized and short, and showed great affinity with Old Russian forest horses. However, there is also the presence of tall individuals of the steppe type, which, according to the assumption of A. G. Petrenko, were purchased in exchange for furs [1991, p. 67]. The height of cows at the withers was 105-111 cm, which corresponded to the so-called forest gracile, mostly comolom, less often short-horned cattle, characteristic of the Kama region of the early periods and for the northern provinces of Russia up to the XIX century. According to morphological parameters of the jaws, researchers compare sheep with both small Old Russian ones (O. Bogatkina) and larger Bulgarian ones (A. Petrenko).

The distribution of mammalian bone remains by layers shows that the number of domestic animals increased dramatically by the 12th century. The number of cattle and horses increased especially intensively, with the former growing faster. Data on the age composition of slaughtered animals show that meat and dairy products were almost equivalent: 45 % of the livestock were slaughtered exclusively for meat, and 55 % of individuals reached the age of three years and could potentially be used for milk production. Small cattle were raised mainly to have wool and hides. This assumption is supported by its small number in the herd and the maintenance of individuals on the farm mainly older than two years of age (Bogatkina, 1995).

The study of bone remains of wild mammals showed that the main fur-bearing hunting and commercial animal was the beaver (65 %); hunting for elk and reindeer was also popular (25%), whose meat occupied an important place in the population's diet. Other game animals include the squirrel, hare, bear, wolf, marten, wolverine, fox, and roe deer. Researchers were struck by the fact of intensive extermination of beavers: in the Idnakar collection, about 80% of the bone remains of this species belong to individuals of immature age (up to one year) [Petrenko, 1991, p. 71; Bogatkina, 1995, p. 150]. At the same time, the bones of young elk and reindeer are rare. The distribution of beaver jaws and skulls by layer showed that a sharp increase in trapping of animals began at the end of the XI century and continued in the XII and XIII centuries, which corresponds to the period of strengthening of the state of the Volga Bulgars and the expansion of trade with them (Bogatkina, 1995, p. 150). In addition, a gradual decrease in the size of beavers was revealed due to intensive exploitation of beaver lands [Ibid., p. 166].

The collection of bird bones by N. I. Burchak-Abramovich is also extensive. 28 species were identified in the materials of excavations in 1974-1978. There are many bones of domestic chicken, goose, 10 species of wild duck, goshawk, owl, polar owl, white partridge, black stork, but most of all-capercaillie, grouse, grouse. Similar results were obtained by V. N. Kalyakin from excavations in 1999-2000. Unfortunately, the results of analysis of the collection of bird bones have not yet been put into scientific circulation. Most of the bird bones come from layers dating back to the XI - XIII centuries, while their content is extremely insignificant in the earlier ones.

Paleobotanical and soil-geochemical studies

According to paleobotanists, Idnakar is the most important archaeological site containing the most valuable sources on the agricultural history of the Vyatka-Kama region [Tuganaev V. V., Tuganaev A.V.,

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2004, p. 219]. Its materials present a rich set of cultivated and weedy plants, which makes it possible to model the agroecosystems of medieval agriculture. During the reconstruction, special attention was paid to the composition of cultivated crops. The research was based on the fruits and seeds found in Idnakar, as well as on the medieval settlements of Guryakar and Vesyakar located near it. 59 samples of grain materials collected on the floor of dwellings, other buildings and in grain pits were analyzed. Among the identified 17 types of cultivated plants, the main ones were spelt-double-grain, common barley, oats, rye (spring), soft and dwarf wheat, millet, and technical hemp. Crops, as a rule, had a multi-dominant structure, since a mixture of crops was cultivated. Unlike the Bulgars, Idnakar farmers grew turnips and rutabagas, which indicates the relationship between Russian and Udmurt agricultural cultures. The presence of a single-grain plant indicates connections with the Bulgars and other peoples of the more southern regions, as well as with the population of the western territories [Ibid., pp. 211, 215].

58 species of weeds were identified, of which a significant part (36 species) retained their cenotic positions in the fields of modern agriculture. However, along with euagrophytes (typical field weeds), plants of meadow and woodland communities (18 species), garbage habitats and fallow vegetation (4 species) were widely represented in the past. The high degree of participation of random agrophytes in the structure of agrocenoses indicates poor soil cultivation, which makes it possible to grow meadow and even forest species, for example, forest raspberries. The nature of weeds and the composition of weeds reveals the most important agrotechnical aspects of Idnakar agriculture. Undoubtedly, it was slash-and-burn, possibly with elements of a prologue. On the plot prepared with fire and an axe, crops were sown, and for several years it was possible to get a crop with the most superficial care of the soil. Such agrotechnical measures could be weeding and loosening the top layer manually or with a rake equipped with an iron or bone tip. However, surface treatment only partially restrained the growth of weed species, whose activity increased from year to year.

The choice of farming method was probably determined by the natural conditions during the period of operation of the settlement. For their assessment, 28 soil samples taken from the humus horizon of the middle defensive rampart were analyzed. The analyses showed the predominance of soils with a pH of 7.0 (6.1-7.5), the sum of absorbed bases of 15.8-24.2 mg-eq/100 g

Since the content of humus in paleosols decreases by about 50% over a thousand years, it can be assumed that in the Middle Ages on the territory of Idnakar, the soil was quite fertile (5.1 - 8.0% humus). Consequently, in the IX - XIII centuries, the climate in the area of the ancient settlement was warmer, providing favorable conditions for the development of not only sod-podzolic, but also dark gray, gray forest and, possibly, chernozem-like soils (modern soils belong to the sod-podzolic type of medium loamy mechanical composition with a humus content of 2.6-3.0%). [Ibid., p. 210].

In addition to paleoclimatic reconstructions, the results of soil and geochemical studies were used for working with cultural layers. Currently, a special section has been created in the database that allows describing the identified soil layers not only by structure and color, but also by chemical composition.

Metallographic studies

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the range of blacksmith products has been studied. V. I. Zavyalov has conducted archeometallographic studies of 137 items (27 categories) from the Idnakar settlement and some other medieval monuments in the Cheptsy River basin (Zavyalov, 1988, p. 119). The results of these studies served as a source for studying the iron processing of the Finno-Ugric Peoples of the Urals [Essays on history..., 1997, pp. 215-264]. It is established that at the beginning of the second millennium AD, both the total number of forgings and the number of categories of iron objects significantly increased in the Kama region. The ancient settlement of Idnakar was one of the largest centers of metalworking. Here we trace the beginning of the process of blacksmithing specialization.

Blacksmiths used iron and steel of various grades. The most common forgings are those with a ferrite grain size of three groups: medium, medium and coarse, coarse grain. Measuring the microhardness of ferrite allowed us to establish that the average value is 193 kg / mm2. More than 70 % of the objects studied are forged entirely from steel or have a steel working part. At the same time, soft steel was found in 30% of forgings, semi - solid steel in 45%, and hard steel in 25%. Various types of steel were used purposefully: soft steel was used to make all - metal objects and the basis of tools such as axes and chisels, and semi-hard and hard steel was used to make small products (knives, knives) and tool blades in welded structures. Metal contamination with slags in forgings does not exceed the usual level for products

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this time from other monuments. As a rule, slags are small, rounded and elongated in shape.

Blacksmiths knew most of the techniques and methods of processing ferrous metal. Blacksmithing operations are performed at a high professional level. The main method of manufacturing tools was the connection by forging welding of a solid steel blade and a viscous iron base. Blacksmiths have also mastered many types of heat treatment of ferrous metal: sharp and soft quenching, quenching with subsequent high and low tempering. The application of heat treatment was differentiated. So, the blades of cutting tools (knives, ploughs, scythes, sickles) were hardened in a sharp environment (on martensite), impact tools (axes, chisels, chisels) were subjected to soft quenching or quenching with subsequent tempering.

When making forgings, blacksmiths used eight basic technological schemes. In the production of planers, chisels and often knives, a three-layer package scheme was used. A distinctive feature of this technology is the high percentage of heat-treated copies. The group of tools with welded blades is mainly represented by knives and axes. Welding of a steel blade onto an iron base was widely used. In this way, a significant part of woodworking tools, saws, scythes, sickles is made. Welding of tools from two strips (iron and steel) was used extremely rarely and only in the manufacture of knives. Similarly, objects were rarely forged from batch blanks, although in some cases batch metal was used as the basis of the tool. Mainly household items, hunting and fishing tools are forged entirely from iron and steel, i.e. forgings that do not require high-quality working parts for their functional purpose. Cementation of the finished product can also be attributed to simple technologies for the period under review. With its application, approx. 6 % of tools.

In general, the ancient Udmurt blacksmithing craft developed in the general direction of metalworking in the northern regions of Eastern Europe (Zavyalov, 1988, p. 141). In terms of the quality of execution of individual operations, the use of technological schemes, its products were not much inferior to the products of the masters of Ancient Russia. At the same time, stagnation is observed, which is reflected in the consolidation of the mastered technology for the type of tool until the end of the functioning of monuments.

Computer technology

The main task of computer technologies in interdisciplinary research of the Idnakar hillfort is to build a spatial model of the cultural layer of the monument. Such a computer model is a multifunctional source for reconstructing the process of formation and development of archaeological sites, their functional and historical interpretation. In addition, it can be used to document the materials of the monument. The solution of this problem includes three main stages (Fig. 5).

Forming the source. The main task of this stage is to extract and document archaeological information in a form that is easy to enter into a computer. Obviously, its solution is related to the method of excavation and the format of field documentation. The traditional method of excavation and recording of archaeological materials, which is based on the concept of a conditional horizon ("bayonet", "layer"), cannot provide the necessary accuracy of describing the cultural layer of an archaeological site. Its mandatory elements should be instrumental measurements, starting from the daytime surface, and a single three-dimensional coordinate system. This allows you to generate source data for representing archaeological layers, local 3D objects (strata, interlayers), and point objects (individual finds) in a single coordinate system. The developed field documentation format defines the structures of the created databases of finds and layers (Kosareva and Budin, 1999; Stepanova and Smagin, 1999).

Stage of computer mapping. It involves documenting the results of archaeological excavations based on the MapInfo geoinformation system [Stepanova and Smagin, 1999]. The proposed method makes it possible to create digitized planar maps of horizontal and vertical sections of the cultural layer. The location of each of these plans is uniquely determined relative to the reference point, which makes it possible to set the coordinates of any planning object or find recorded on the map. As a result of digitization (Figure 6), each planigraphic section is stored in a computer as a set of boundaries that separate various elements of the cultural layer - planning objects, layers, interlayers, strata, lenses, filling objects, etc. Soils of different composition and color, which make up regular and irregular layers, interlayers and strata, are encoded in the database in accordance with the original archaeological documentation. This transformation of field drawings allows you to use the resulting maps as a computerized source for mathematical spatial analysis.

Stage of spatial modeling. The model includes a spatially ordered set of objects, geometric parameters, and a mutual representation of the

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their location reflects the corresponding parameters of the archaeological site layer (Gruzdev and Zhurbin, 2002). In other words, the computer model of the monument includes all objects and layers recorded during excavations - structures, pits, hearths, interlayers, strata, individual finds, etc. At the first stage, a set of spatial models is formed for each of the selected objects and layers using computer technologies. The task of this stage is to restore as accurately as possible the shape and geometric parameters of the simulated objects based on the data of archaeological excavations (Fig. 7). Then the models of individual objects and layers are located in the virtual space of the cultural layer and their mutual coordinate binding is carried out. The computer model created in this way is a full-fledged "image" of the cultural layer of the monument. In addition to geometric parameters, it describes the properties of all its components, such as structure, composition, material, morphology, manufacturing technology, and so on. To implement this method of constructing a spatial model of the cultural layer, specialized software is needed. The Institute of Physics and Technology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Izhevsk) develops a set of programs that implements all these features, as well as methods, algorithms and technology for spatial modeling of archaeological sites [Gruzdev and Zhurbin, 2002; Zhurbin, 2005].

The use of computer technologies and spatial modeling of the cultural layer allows us to solve a number of important tasks. It provides-

5. Scheme of formation of the spatial model of the cultural layer of the monument.

6. Digitization of a planar map of the horizontal section of the cultural layer. a -gray dense clay with inclusions of coal and ash (layer 6); b-variegated color with inclusions of gray clay and coal (layer 24); c-coal (layer 8); d-black humus with inclusions of coal (layer 10); e-variegated color with inclusions of red and brown clay, wood (layer 15a); e-variegated color with inclusions of brown clay and sand (layer 15b); g - ash with inclusions of calcified bone (layer 17).

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Figure 7. Formation of a spatial model of an archaeological site with a complex structure. 1-7-spatial models of interlayers and strata: 1-gray dense clay with inclusions of coal and ash (layer 6); 2-variegated color with inclusions of brown clay, sand (layer 15b); 3-black humus with inclusions of coal (layer 10); 4-yellow sand (layer 5); 5-variegated color with inclusions of humus, clay and coal (layer 16); 6-red, brown clay (layer 7); 7 - black humus with wood inclusions (layer 10a); 8 - spatial model of an economic pit.

It provides not only copying and storing information about an archaeological site, but also creating its virtual image, which resolves the contradiction between the study of the monument and its preservation as an object of historical and cultural heritage. The formation of a multifunctional source by converting field information into a computer model makes it possible to study an archaeological site based not only on visually recorded information, but also on structural information expressed in the mutual arrangement of elements of the cultural layer.

Conclusion

Comprehensive studies of the ancient Udmurt settlement of Idnakar in the IX - XIII centuries allowed us to outline the main stages of its development. The combination of traditional archaeological and natural science methods and the use of computer mapping technology has expanded the possibilities of studying the structure and layout of the monument in different chronological periods. Generalization of the obtained materials will help to identify trends in the formation of the planning structure, as well as patterns of occurrence and localization of areas of industrial and economic activity. The implementation of this task in the future will help to specify the features of the development of fortified settlements in the Urals and Volga region in the context of urban development processes in the forest zone of Eastern Europe.

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