Climate Characteristics of Winter 2025/2026 on Earth

Winter 2025/2026 on Earth has become yet another vivid illustration of ongoing global climate change. Meteorologists and climatologists note that the season was characterized by pronounced anomalies of heat in the Northern Hemisphere and an increase in extreme weather phenomena, which corresponds to long-term trends predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

In the Northern Hemisphere, winter 2025/2026 entered the top ten warmest winters on record. The average temperature exceeded the norm by 1.2–1.5°C. This was particularly evident in the Arctic, where temperatures were above the climatic norm by 6–8°C in some periods. The record reduction in the area of sea ice in the Barents and Kara seas continued, affecting atmospheric circulation over Eurasia. An interesting fact: in January 2026, a Norwegian research vessel recorded rain at a point located only 800 km from the North Pole – a phenomenon virtually impossible for a typical Arctic winter in the last century.

Europe's winter was characterized by instability: relatively mild periods were replaced by sharp but short-lived intrusions of Arctic air. For example, in February, a powerful stratospheric sudden warming led to the temporary breakdown of the polar vortex. This caused extreme cold and heavy snowfall in Central and Southern Europe, while Scandinavia remained abnormally warm. For example, Rome experienced a record snowfall in 50 years, while in Helsinki temperatures rarely fell below -5°C.

North America faced a series of powerful atmospheric rivers – narrow streams of very moist air from the tropics. They dumped record amounts of precipitation on the western coasts of the United States and Canada, causing floods and landslides. Meanwhile, on the east coast of the continent, especially in New York and Boston, winter was snowless and mild, with repeated waves of warmth.

In contrast, winter was extremely cold in some regions of Asia. Anomalies in atmospheric pressure associated with the fluctuation of the Arctic brought persistent cold in the eastern regions of Siberia and Mongolia, where temperatures repeatedly fell below -50°C. Paradoxically, the intensification of warming in the Arctic often weakens the westerly transport and allows cold air to "sneak" further south, as observed in 2026.

In the Southern Hemisphere, summer also marked climatic extremes. In Australia, waves of the strongest heat with temperatures above +45°C recurred, exacerbating massive forest fires. In South America, in the Andes, the rapid melting of glaciers continued, and the Amazon experienced the strongest drought in 20 years.

An interesting example: In winter 2026, climatologists for the first time clearly documented the phenomenon of "snow droughts" in key mountain systems such as the Alps and the Rocky Mountains. These are periods when temperatures remain around or above zero, and precipitation falls mainly in the form of rain, not snow. This directly threatens water resources accumulated in the snow cover, which are critically important for agriculture and hydropower in spring and summer.

Scientists link the characteristics of winter 2025/2026 to a combination of long-term anthropogenic climate change and natural cycles such as El Niño/La Niña. The influence of the latter was moderate, allowing the background trend of global warming to become more pronounced.

Thus, winter 2025/2026 was not just a warm season, but a demonstration of a new climate reality: an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, a restructuring of atmospheric circulation, and an intensification of regional contrasts. These changes are systemic and require adaptation of infrastructure, economy, and social practices worldwide. Each subsequent anomalous winter, like this one, serves as a reminder of the non-linearity of climate processes and the accelerating transformation of weather patterns on Earth.

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