Libmonster ID: EE-1290
Author(s) of the publication: B. S. ITENBERGEDIT

In the Ural city of Beloretsk, a memorial plaque is installed on the building of the House of Pioneers.: "Pavel Varfolomeyevich Tochissky, the first organizer of the Beloretsk Bolsheviks, lived in this house in 1917-1918. On the night of July 17-18, 1918, com. Tochissky was killed by an enemy bullet fired by the White Guard Social Revolutionaries. " 1
Tochissky's active revolutionary activity began as early as 1885 in St. Petersburg, where he organized an illegal workers ' circle, which later formed one of the first social-democratic organizations in Russia - the Association of St. Petersburg Craftsmen. 100 years have passed since then. For many years, almost nothing was known about the organization of Tochissky, and here's why. At the end of 1888, the police defeated the central group of the "Partnership". But there was no public trial, the case was decided by administrative procedure, and the materials were deposited only in the archives of the Police Department, and in 1910 the main part of them was destroyed. However, in 1889 in Geneva, information flashed through the illegal press that in 1888 workers P. V. Tochissky, D. V. Lazarev and E. I. Danilov were arrested in St. Petersburg .2 Such reports (tsarism did not skimp on arrests) appeared quite a few times in the pages of the progressive press. But for a long time there was not a word about this "Partnership" in the works on the history of Russian social democracy.

The turning point was 1923, when N. L. Sergievsky found in the Police Department's collection a report to the Minister of Internal Affairs, which contained information about the organization of Tochissky. We managed to track down one of its participants, Andrey Heinrich Breitfus. Sergievsky went to him. Breitfus shared his memories. They were recorded and then published together with the text of the report to the Minister of Internal Affairs. 3 A year earlier, a member of the International Women's Secretariat of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, L. N. Stal, wrote a biography of Tochissky, using information received from his sister Maria 4 . Then memories of her brother were published by Maria 5 herself . This is how the original set of sources was formed, revealing the history of the origin and activities of the Tochissky organization, as well as the life path of its leader.

On the basis of these materials, V. I. Nevsky gave an assessment of the "Partnership". He believed that "it was a real social-democratic organization, sharply hostile to Narodnaya Volya," and Tochissky in his propaganda emphasized "the role of the proletariat as the hegemon of the revolution." 6 Another party historian, N. N. Baturin, spoke out against this assessment in the pages of the Proletarian Revolution magazine (1924, N 8-9).: "Hypnotized by the Tochissky Organization",

1 Yanguzov Z. S. Borets za rabocheye delo [Fighter for a working cause]. - Questions of the history of the CPSU, 1964, N 10, p. 101.

2 The Socialist, Geneva, 1889, No. 1, p. 37. It also stated that M. Tochisskaya and V. Lazareva, students of the Higher Women's Courses, were also arrested.

3 Krasnaya letopis, 1923, No. 7, pp. 341-388.

4 Mass grave. Biographical Dictionary of the deceased and deceased members of the Moscow Organization of the RCP, Issue 1, Moscow, 1922, pp. 158-161.

5 Lebedeva (Tochisskaya) M. To the biography of P. V. Tochissky. - Historical and revolutionary collection, Moscow-Leningrad, 1926, vol. III, pp. 296-299.

6 Nevsky V. I. Ocherki po istorii RKP (bolshevikov) [Essays on the history of the RCP (Bolsheviks)]. l. 1924, pp. 239-240.

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tov. Nevsky doesn't notice at all: 1) that from the documents cited by him, even Tochissky cannot yet be attributed to the determined," real " social-Democrats; 2) that "Tochissky's organization"... It was not an ideologically cohesive group: it included notorious Narodnaya Volya members or sympathizers of Narodnaya Volya .7 The reason for the dispute was explained by a limited number of sources. Moreover, at that time historiography had not yet established strict criteria for evaluating certain stages of the development of Russian social democracy. It was only after a number of years that the Association of St. Petersburg Craftsmen took its rightful place in the history of the revolutionary movement in Russia8 .

Tochissky was born on May 3, 1864 in Yekaterinburg (now Sverdlovsk), in the family of a russified Pole, a retired colonel. Pavel's mother, Urania Augustovna, the daughter of an architect who came to Russia from France as a child, was an educated and strong-willed woman. Pavel was her first child. After him, Maria and Ivan were born. At her mother's instigation, the family read a lot about various important events in French history, including the French bourgeois Revolution of the late 18th century and its leaders. Pavel Varfolomeyevich recalled that it was his mother who inspired him with the Republican spirit, and "La Marseillaise" became for him a "lullaby" 9 . The boy was attracted to books early on. But not only did they teach, life itself was a school. Prisoners were passing through Yekaterinburg on their way to hard labor. The sight of exhausted, hungry, ragged, shackled people made an indelible impression on Pavel.

In the autumn of 1874, the boy entered the preparatory class of the Yekaterinburg gymnasium. But he was not carried away by the teaching. But the surrounding reality aroused great interest in him. Already in his youth, the spirit of freethinking awoke in Pavel. And the first seeds of protest against the existing order were planted by revolutionaries. According to the testimony of his sister Maria, in 1882 he became close to the exiled Narodnaya Volya pharmacist Lebedev 10 . They talked a lot about social injustice and autocratic despotism. This to some extent determined the future fate of the young man: in 1883, Pavel dropped out of high school and entered a factory near Nizhny Tagil. He worked then for three months, but this was his labor baptism. And in Yekaterinburg, a new acquaintance was waiting for him-with an English mechanic. "This Englishman," my sister recalls, " was probably nothing exceptional, but the fact that he was a working-class man and his brother was a working-class man very often reduced our general conversations to the life of the English workers, and we listened to him talk about strikes, the strength of the unions, their struggles and achievements. I vividly remember the figure of a brother listening attentively, who even then became a firm foot on his long journey of the cross. " 11
He took a new road in St. Petersburg, where he moved at the end of 1884. There lived Sister Maria, who entered the Bestuzhev higher women's courses. The social life of the capital overwhelmed the young man. First he got a job as a newspaper reporter. But he was irresistibly drawn to the workers. Tochissky even dressed like a worker: a blue blouse, trousers made of "damn leather". He entered an apprenticeship in a gunsmith shop, earned little, lived hand-to-mouth. But his plan was carried out - he mastered the craft in order to stand closer to the workers. From June 1885 to February 1887 Pavel Varfolomeyevich studied locksmithing at the trade school of the Russian Technical Society, worked at the BR writing paper factory. The Vargunins, at the Byrd factory, and as a typesetter in a printing house. Every time a job changed, new acquaintances were made, new connections were established with workers, and frank conversations were held about the life of the working people, about the work of their families.-

7 Baturin N. N. Soch. M.-L. 1930, p. 388.

8 See: Polevoy Yu. Z. The origin of Marxism in Russia. 1883-1894, Moscow, 1959; Kazakevich R. A. Social-democratic organizations of St. Petersburg, Leningrad, 1960; Lisovsky N. K. P. V. Tochissky-one of the organizers of the first Marxist circles in Russia, Moscow, 1963; Zhuikov G. S. Petersburg Marxists and the Osvobozhdeniye Truda Group, Leningrad, 1975; and others.

9 Krasnaya letopis, p. 324.

10 Lebedeva (Tochisskaya). Moscow, UK. soch., p. 296.

11 Ibid., pp. 296-297.

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chase. In an effort to better understand the causes of social injustice, Tochissky sat up late at night reading books.

This was a time when Narodnaya Volya ideas had not yet outlived their usefulness in Russia, although the propaganda activities of Plekhanov's group Emancipation of Labor and its translations into Russian of the works of Karl Marx and Franz Liszt had already had a significant impact. Engels. Tochissky criticized the Narodnaya Volya primarily for preaching individual terror. He said, among other things, that "terror, after all, is only a means to win power for the growing class of the bourgeoisie"; in his opinion, in Russia only the proletariat could have accomplished a genuine revolution; the Narodnaya Volya people "have sinned greatly and are sinning, ignoring this class, throwing themselves now into the peasantry, now into the intelligentsia" 12 . In the summer of 1885, Tochissky "developed a plan for organizing society to raise the mental and moral standards of the workers." 13 There were also like-minded people. At the vocational school of RTO, he became close to D. V. Lazarev. They began to establish contacts with the workers of enterprises beyond the Neva Outpost, on Vasilyevsky Island and Vyborg side 14 . In the autumn of 1885, an initiative group of several workers and students was formed around Tochissky. Although there is little direct information about Tochissky's contacts with St. Petersburg workers, since they were practically not disclosed by the police, some of the workers with whom he established contact are known. This was the beginning of the Tochissky group.

In 1886, the illegal society was formed organizationally. According to the testimony of Ludwig Breitfus at the investigation, it was called the " Society for Assistance in Raising the Material, Intellectual and moral level of the working class in Russia." Lazarev called it the " Mutual Aid Partnership." Bestuzhevka L. V. Arkadakskaya claimed that, having met M. Tochisskaya, she became a member of the" Mutual Aid Association". I. A. Shalaevsky also testified that in 1886 he learned from Tochissky about the existence of a"Mutual Aid Circle" 15 . There is no fundamental difference in these certificates. The name originated under the influence of V. P. Barybin, a member of the Perm student community, who founded the Reciprocity Society in St. Petersburg in early 1886, which united about 200 workers. They included a number of advanced proletarians.

E. A. Klimanov (Afanasyev), a blacksmith of the State Paper Collection Expedition who attended the evening classes of the technical school and maintained relations with the workers of a number of enterprises in the capital, was also associated with the Party of Russian Social Democrats (Blagoev Group)16 . V. S. Buyanov, a worker of the Putilov factory, also became a member of the "Mutual Aid Circle"at the age of 1917 . In 1889, he joined the organization of M. I. Brusnev, after his arrest in 1891, he was exiled, and in exile (Tula, Kostroma) he did not stop his propaganda activities. During the revolution of 1905, he returned to the Putilov factory. When the Soviet of Workers ' Deputies was formed in St. Petersburg, the Putilovites sent Buyanov to it. Neil Vasiliev worked at the Arsenal and campaigned among the comrades who gathered at his apartment 18 .

The most prominent figure among them was V. A. Shelgunov. As a boy, working in a bookbinding workshop in St. Petersburg, Vasily Andreevich became addicted to reading, attended evening school, listened to public lectures, and studied in working circles. He early realized that it was necessary to fight the autocracy and that in this struggle the leading role belongs precisely to the working class. Shelgunov persistently propagated this idea among his comrades. After the defeat of the Tochissky group, he continued his activities in the Brusnev group, then was a member of the St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". It is no accident that V. I. Lenin spoke about-

12 Krasnaya letopis, pp. 325-326.

13 Ibid., p. 326.

14 Kazakevich R. A. Uk. soch., p. 31.

15 Krasnaya letopis, pp. 367, 370, 376.

16 Klimanov involved Buyanov and Shelgunov in Tochissky's group, and after its defeat became a member of Brusnev's group. Member of the CPSU since 1917. Participated in three Russian revolutions (Kazakevich R. A. Uk. soch., p. 33).

17 Ibid., p. 37.

18 Krasnaya letopis, p. 336.

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I paid close attention to this outstanding revolutionary 19 . Shelgunov became a Bolshevik, an active participant in three Russian revolutions and the civil war.

The organization of Tochissky was included in later historiography under the name "Association of St. Petersburg craftsmen". In the autumn of 1886, its meeting was held, which adopted the charter. It was attended by Tochissky, Lazarev, Tochisskaya, Shalaevsky, Yelimanov 20, Vasiliev, Arkadakskaya, A. Breitfus, E. A. Danilova. The "Partnership" consisted of a central group and circles operating at the enterprises of St. Petersburg. The members of the" Partnership " were divided into active and passive. "The passive members, although they knew about the circle, were familiar with its charter and workers, but did not know the composition of the active members, the location of libraries, and the extent of connections with factories." 21 The organization was headed by a prefect elected by the general assembly. He collected membership fees, kept the charter, and compiled reports on meetings held. Tochissky was elected the first headman. Other elective positions: librarian, heads of the loan and support fund, the fund for assistance to political exiles and prisoners. The structure of the" Partnership " provided for conspiracy activities. Each of the members of the organization had an underground nickname and could communicate only with two other members. Subsequently, this saved the organization from being completely destroyed by the police.

The text of the charter has not reached us yet. Its content can be judged only on the basis of the materials of the report to the Minister of Internal Affairs in the fund of the Police Department and the memoirs of A. Breitfus. The latter noted that it was Tochissky who developed the draft charter. It stated: "Society is based on raising the intellectual and moral level of the workers through libraries, readings, self-development circles, and contacts with the revolutionary intelligentsia." There were items on the organization of mutual aid funds, collective protests against the orders of the factory authorities, strikes 22 . Thus, it was a kind of program document, like the charters of the " South Russian Union of Workers "(1875) and the "Northern Union of Russian Workers" (1878). In the future, the charter was repeatedly revised. In particular, at the general meeting of the organization's members in February 1888, Tochissky made a proposal to remove intellectuals from active work, but it was rejected. The issue of social reorganization of the company has not yet been raised in the charter. Tochissky believed that initially it was appropriate to mention only the immediate urgent demands of the proletarians, which could be understood, realized and implemented by the members of the "Partnership", in order to then expand the scope of its tasks.

The views of Tochissky himself were not yet clearly defined at that time. Pavel Varfolomeyevich was familiar with the Marxist works of G. V. Plekhanov, and took an active part in the controversies that flared up around the latter's book "Our Differences", where the views of the narodniks were sharply criticized .23 However, he was strongly influenced by the works of many other authors, including D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, V. V. Bervieflerovsky, F. Lassalle, P. L. Lavrov, R. Owen, etc. To be convinced of the correctness of the teachings of Marx and Engels, it took time, deep reflection, and a thorough acquaintance with the life and views of the advanced workers. Narodnik and Marxist literature was widely presented in the Comradeship library. There were "Historical Letters" by P. L. Lavrov, the newspapers "Land and Will", "Narodnaya Volya". At the same time, it contained the Manifesto of the Communist Party (10 copies), Plekhanov's book Our Differences (8 copies), and others .24
Since Tochissky had a negative attitude towards the activities of the Narodnaya Volya people, it can be assumed that the social - democratic ones gradually won out in his views

19 See Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 25, p. 96.

20 About him, see: Spiridonov P. I. Russian worker and revolutionary Egor Klimanov. - Voprosy istorii, 1969, N 8.

21 Krasnaya letopis, p. 332.

22 Ibid., p. 328.

23 Lebedeva (Tochisskaya). Moscow, UK. soch., p. 297.

24 Krasnaya letopis, p. 330.

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ideas, although his path to Marxism was not easy. Pavel Varfolomeyevich rightly argued that revolution is possible "only as a result of the deep movement of the masses of the people and precisely that part of the people that is truly revolutionary in relation to the existing system" - the proletariat .25 However, he misjudged the role of the intelligentsia (he later overcame this incorrect point of view), believing that the intelligentsia should only contribute to the development of the class consciousness of the workers, and considered it only "as a temporary companion of the proletariat, going with it to the first turn, to the first constitution. And there, in his opinion, the roads of the intelligentsia and the proletariat will diverge. " 26
Details of the activities of the Association of St. Petersburg Craftsmen are unknown. The most effective campaign was conducted among the workers of the Neva outpost (Alexander and Obukhov factories, Cardboard factory, stationery factory br. Varguninykh 27) and Vasilyevsky Island (primarily at the Baltic Plant, where I. I. Timofeev worked). The workers usually gathered in someone's apartment. Classes were held there. The workers ' thirst for knowledge was great. Often on Sunday mornings they would go to the" ruin " of the Alexander Market, where they would find piles of books and magazines waiting for them. "Here," recalled the worker V. V. Fomin, "the circle members found a lot of valuable material, namely novels, short stories, poems, scientific articles, etc." 28 Special circles were organized for the most conscious and trained students, in which the works of Marx, Engels, Plekhanov, and other works were studied. "Capital" of Marx, recalled V. A. Shelgunov, was very difficult to find. The book was bought from second-hand booksellers for 40-50 rubles; "of course, it was necessary to take care that everyone could read it, and I myself had to tear up Kapital in parts, in chapters, in order to read it simultaneously in four or five circles." 29
In the mid-1880s, Blagoev's social-democratic group was also engaged in propaganda among the workers of St. Petersburg. Was there a connection between her and the St. Petersburg Artisans ' Association? No, although some members of the" Partnership " were familiar with Blagoevtsy 30 . Blagoev and Tochissky met for the first time only in the spring of 1894 in the Bulgarian city of Varna and asked each other with interest about the activities of the organizations they headed .31 Blagoev's group was crushed by the police in 1887. The Tochissky Group lasted a little longer. At first, some of its participants were followed. It became clear that it was necessary to take immediate measures to preserve the work that had been started (with the help of the workers of the Baltic Plant, attempts were being made to equip the printing press and the iron plate, paints and typeface 32 were already delivered ). According to A. Breitfus, " Tochissky appointed a meeting of the center." It was decided to leave for der on Sunday afternoon. Zamanilovka for Pargolovom and there to discuss the current situation. On Sunday, Tochissky, his sister Maria, Arkadakskaya, A. Breitfus, and Lazarev gathered at the Finlyandsky railway station. The last to arrive was the short-sighted Danilova, who did not notice the "tail"behind her. When it turned out, everyone was already in different cars. Before reaching Pargolov, Tochissky, Lazarev and Breitfus jumped out on the move and safely reached Petersburg 33 . But in March, they were still arrested. Then Tochissky and Lazarev were sent to Zhytomyr.

Since then, police supervision has been established over Pavel Bartholomewicz. His every move was recorded. However, he continued to act. The authorities reported that on July 15, 1888, Tochissky left Zhytomyr for Saratov, and from there to Moscow. Arkadakskaya and Danilova lived in the old capital, and A. Breitfus arrived there from Tver. In the apartment where Tochissky and Breitfus settled, nele was kept.-

25 Ibid., p. 326.

26 Polevoy Yu. Z. Uk. soch., p. 336.

27 Ibid., p. 330.

28 Memoirs of Petersburg workers. 1872-1897 L. 1975, p. 183.

29 Ibid., p. 344.

30 Kazakevich R. A. Uk. soch., pp. 70-71.

31 Krasnaya letopis, pp. 327, 330, 335.

32 Memoirs of Petersburg Workers, p. 65.

33 Krasnaya letopis, p. 334.

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official literature, freshly printed proclamations. Soon Tochissky tried to organize a "Partnership of Moscow artisans", but the plan could not be implemented due to increased police surveillance .34 Then Tochissky went to Tambov (according to official data, to enter the service on railway 35 ), but did not stay there either. At the end of October, he was already in Nizhny Novgorod.

By that time, the authorities had accumulated enough "material". Tochissky and other members of the "Partnership"were also arrested. The authorities involved only 10 people in the investigation, while the leaders managed to save the working part of the organization's members. The prosecutor firmly believed that in 1886-1888 there was a "secret society with its own charter", which aimed "to develop and maintain illegal ideas among the workers in the interests of the revolutionary party". The Minister of Justice, while admitting the existence of a secret circle, considered that "the inquiry had not obtained any data indicating that the members of this 'Association' had begun to propagate revolutionary ideas among the workers or had taken any part in the revolutionary movement at all. "36 As a result, the sentence turned out to be relatively lenient: Tochissky and his closest comrades were to be sent to police custody after serving a short period of solitary confinement. This was not the end of the history of the "Association of St. Petersburg Artisans": the secret circles of workers continued to operate and later became part of the social-democratic organization of Brusnev (the circles of Timofeev, Klimanov, Buyanov, I. V. Krutov, etc.) 37.

For Tochissky, years of wandering began. It is known from police documents that on December 19, 1890, Tochissky left "for permanent residence in Yekaterinoslav" 38. In August 1891, the supervised person applied for permission to move to his homeland. But on October 5, the Ekaterinoslav governor informed the Police Department: "P. V. Tochissky, due to the autumn season and the lack of warm clothes, did not leave for his homeland, and the supervision established for him in Ekaterinoslav continues."39 Pavel Varfolomeyevich joined the work of the local social-democratic organization, visited Kharkiv on its instructions, and taught classes with members of 40 workers ' circles .

In Yekaterinoslav, at one of the workers ' meetings, Tochissky met A. L. Shapovalova; soon they were married. And on February 10, 1894, Tochissky and his wife, having received passports from the Kiev governor, went abroad. Nothing is known about this trip, except for the message of the chief of the gendarme department of Odessa to the Police Department dated June 20, 1894: "On June 17, on the Austrian steamer Loyd, I arrived in Odessa from abroad... Pavel Tochissky with his wife Alexandra." They were searched, but "nothing politically criminal" was found. From Odessa their way lay to Sevastopol, then to Saratov 41 . Jobs changed, and police supervision remained constant. However, Tochissky did not abandon revolutionary activities. Here's a secret police document: "Tochissky lived in the city of Saratov in 1895 and 1896, conducted relations with persons who were politically unreliable, such as: Candidate of Natural Sciences Nikolai Vladimirovich Andreev, noblewoman Elizabeth Ivanovna Smirnova,.. Alexander Lvovich Black et al. " 42 .

It has not yet been possible to find out what Smirnova's "unreliability" was. N. V. Andreev, a graduate of Moscow University, Candidate of Mathematical Sciences, served in the Saratov branch of the State Bank. In 1894, he was prosecuted for sending Lenin's pamphlet "What are the' friends of the people ' and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?". In Moscow in the late 1890s -

34 Ibid.

35 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, op. 1891, 1112, part 1, l. 75.

36 Krasnaya letopis, pp. 384, 387.

37 Kazakevich R. A. Uk. soch., p. 196.

38 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, op. 1891, 1112, part 1, l. 112.

39 Ibid., l. 119. " Lisovsky N. K. Uk. soch., p. 30.

41 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, op. 1891, d. 1112, part 1, ll. 138, 141, 142-144.

42 Ibid., part 2, l. 11 vol.

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In the early 1900s, he participated in the activities of social democratic organizations. In March 1901, he was arrested in the case of the Moscow group of the RSDLP. After being released from prison, 43 committed suicide under unclear circumstances .

A native of Saratov, A. L. Black, while still a high school student, was influenced by Lavrov's ideas, and maintained contacts with the Narodnaya Volya residents of Saratov. In St. Petersburg, where he studied at the University's Faculty of Law, he became close to the Chernopedeltsy, and conducted propaganda among the workers. In the autumn of 1882, he was arrested and served his exile in Semipalatinsk and other places in the Steppe region. There he met with the American journalist J. R. R. Tolkien. Kennan, who in 1885-1886 surveyed the places of exile of Russian revolutionaries and wrote a two-volume book about them in 1891, translated into all European languages. Kennan testified: "Black even had a small but well-chosen library, where, in addition to Russian books, there were also original poems by Longfellow, and many French and German works on history, political economy ,and jurisprudence." 44 In 1889, Black returned to Saratov, where he became close to members of the revolutionary democratic organization Narodnoe Pravo. 45
From Saratov, Tochissky moved to Zhytomyr, then to Kharkiv, Poltava province, etc. 46 . At the beginning of January 1898, he arrived in Moscow, where he joined the "circle of intelligent propagandists" and again conducted propaganda among the workers .47 On December 20, 1899, Pavel Varfolomeyevich was again arrested and held in solitary confinement in the Moscow Provincial Prison until February 15, 1901. Then he was sent to Vologda Province for three years under police supervision. 48
The events of January 9, 1905 found Tochissky in Zlatoust, where he worked as a foreman on the construction of a railway depot. The news of Bloody Sunday provoked an angry protest from Pavel Bartholomewich. On his initiative, local Social Democrats issued a leaflet calling for the struggle for the overthrow of the autocracy. In the spring of 1905, the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed Tochissky to move to Moscow. Then I found a job as a draftsman in the city council. He managed to establish contacts with the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, and he participated in the creation of the professional union of technicians, edited the magazine "Technician". The December armed uprising began. Tochissky "becomes the head of combat detachments, fights on barricades, stores bombs in the room where his family, consisting of his wife and two babies, Marusia and Marina, were placed." 49 Since 1906, he edited various workers ' publications. Then there is a 10-year gap in the available information about him: there is only scant evidence that he changed his place of residence more than once.

In the days of the February bourgeois-democratic Revolution of 1917. Tochissky moved to the factory center of the Southern Urals Beloretsk. The situation there was complicated. The Soviet of Workers ' Deputies consisted of Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, and the Bolsheviks had little influence. Having got a job as head of the commercial and financial department at the plant, Tochissky rallied a group of advanced workers and led the fight against the compromisers. Pavel Bartholomewicz was harassed and threatened with death, but he did not back down. On May 1, 1917, at a rally, Tochissky told the workers: "Don't believe the Social Revolutionaries, they are deceiving you! Your enemies are primarily" your " landlords and capitalists, and we must fight against them. And first of all, we must throw out all compromisers from the Soviet of Workers ' Deputies."50 The shooting of a peaceful demonstration of workers in Petrograd in July 1917 dramatically changed the situation, and the dual power ended. Who-

43 Figures of the revolutionary movement in Russia. Biobibliographical Dictionary Vol. V, issue 1. Moscow, 1931, stb. 96.

44 Kennan J. Smith Siberia and Exile, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1906, p. 168.

45 I. M. Alexander Lvovich Black. - Hard labor and exile, 1929, N 3, p. 223. In 1892, a book by the German philosopher and economist F. Bleck was published in translation. Lange "The working question, its significance in the present and future".

46 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, op. 1891, 1112, part 2, ll. 30-32.

47 Lisovsky N. K. Uk. soch., p. 34.

48 Yanguzov Z. S. Uk. soch., pp. 97-98.

49 Monument to the fighters of the Proletarian Revolution who died in 1917-1918, Moscow, 1926, pp. 575-576.

50 Lisovsky N. K. Uk. soch., p. 47.

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The Beloretsk Soviet, headed by the Social Revolutionaries, decided to support the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks were in direct danger. Tochissky was ordered to leave the city within a day.

However, by the autumn of 1917, the Bolshevik group began to gain strength, and the Socialist - Revolutionary organization began to gradually disintegrate. The news of the victory of the October armed Uprising in Petrograd inspired the local Bolsheviks. November 27, 1917 Tochissky appealed to the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b): "We are surrounded on all sides by enemies, the Central Committee must provide special assistance in such places, yet we have not received a single election leaflet from St. Petersburg, our Orenburg provincial bureau has been arrested by the Cossacks with the assistance of the Social Revolutionaries and Defencists, and there is no printing house here... I, as the leader and organizer of the local Bolsheviks, was dismissed from the factory. I live under threats of execution and arrest, but all this would be nothing if we received support from the outside. " 51 At the beginning of December 1917, on the advice of Tochissky, a delegation headed by the Bolshevik A. N. Pukhov was sent to Petrograd. 52 She got help. Bolshevik influence in the city was growing. But the counter-revolution did not yield, the right srs continued to act, then the mutiny of ataman A. I. Dutov broke out.

Under these circumstances, Tochissky courageously and selflessly led the struggle for Soviet power. Back in the autumn of 1917, a volost congress was held in Beloretsk, which elected a temporary land committee headed by Tochissky. In January 1918, when there were already 100 Bolsheviks53 in Beloretsk , Pavel Varfolomeyevich presided over the Second District Congress of Soviets. In the first half of February, on his initiative, the Third District Congress of Soviets was convened. On March 2, the local committee of the RSDLP(b) decided to create a Military Revolutionary Committee in Beloretsk under the chairmanship of Tochissky. In the same month, the Beloretsk Bolsheviks began to create departments of the executive committee (commissariats), and Pavel Varfolomeyevich became chairman of the Beloretsk Council of People's Commissars.

When the Kulak and SR revolts broke out in the Urals and the Volga region, Tochissky was appointed military commissar of the South Ural District. In early July 1918, Dutov's gangs captured Orenburg. Beloretsk was cut off from the main forces of the Red Army. The Socialist-Revolutionary counter-revolution created a "committee for the overthrow of Tochissky." 54 Pavel Varfolomeyevich, sensing the looming threat, reported in a report to the headquarters of the Ufa Red Guard: "Here internal enemies do not slumber, the black hundred (defencists, SRS and bazaar bigwigs) are organized and conspire in dark corners. For its own sake, Ufa should finally pay serious attention to Beloretsk, which is the last stronghold of revolutionary democracy. If I am killed or arrested by Dutovtsy, take revenge. Tochissky" 55 . On the night of July 17-18, 1918, Tochissky's house was surrounded by Cossacks. Tochissky tried to call the Beloretsk headquarters, but the connection was interrupted. With a revolver in his hands, he stood in the dark at the window, watching the Cossacks who were breaking through the door. Alexander Leontyevna's wife woke up and, not understanding what was going on, turned on the light... A shot rang out. An enemy bullet hit Tochissky in the heart 56 .

The life of revolutionaries in tsarist Russia was harsh. Persecutions, prisons, exiles, and hard labor persecuted those who joined the struggle against the autocracy. And not everyone managed to go from the first social-democratic organizations to the victory of the Great October Revolution. Among those who lived to see the socialist revolution and participated in it was Pavel Tochissky.

51 Ibid., p. 51.

52 Alferov R. Stronger than steel. Ufa, 1954, p. 159.

53 Civil War and military intervention in the USSR. Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1983, p. 61.

54 Lisovsky N. K. Uk. soch., p. 59.

55 Yanguzov Z. S. Uk. soch., p. 100.

56 Lisovsky N. K. Uk. soch., p. 62.

page 87


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