Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles describe the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until about the middle of the 15th century. Initially, such chronicles were called only Lithuanian, but in the third quarter of the XIX century, N. I. Kostomarov, taking into account the language in which they are written, called them Belarusian 1 . This name did not find any supporters for a long time and was established only recently .2 A number of experts called them Western Russian, Lithuanian-Russian, etc. 3. V. T. Pashuto and R. K. Batura wrote about the annals of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 4 . And the first of these chronicles found was sometimes called the chronicle of Danilovich (after the name of the researcher who published it), then the name Supraslskaya was fixed (at the location - in the Supraslsky monastery, now in Poland). In general, as a rule, the chronicles were named after the place of discovery (Olshevskaya, Vilenskaya, etc.) or by the name of the owner (Krasinsky, Nikiforovskaya, Evreinovskaya, etc.). Mixed names were also used: Rachinsky, or Poznań; Slutsk, or Uvarovskaya. This applies to the annals of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The last entries in the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles were made in the second half of the XVI century. From about the middle of the 17th century, urban chronicles began to be created. This was the last stage of the local chronicle. Currently, there are three known Mogilev chronicles (T. R. Surty and Trubnitsky, Hegumen Orest and anonymous), Vitebsk (Pantsyrny and Averkov) and anonymous Slutsk.
The first reports about the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles appeared in Polish chronicles. The most complete data on them are given in the book by M. Stryjkovski 5 . Describing the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the author made about 300 references to the chronicles, which he called Russian, Lithuanian, Old Russian chronicles, etc. The chronicler noted that all of them were "written in Russian" 6 (now this language is called Old Belarusian), and reported that one of the most informative chronicles he received from the book. Zaslavsky, owners of the village of Velikaya Berestovitsa (near Brest), the remaining 12-14 were obtained by himself with "considerable labor and money" 7 . However, he knew nothing about the famous illustrated Radziwill Chronicle (Western Belarus).
The chronicles that were in his use began with the message that 500 noble families, headed by Palemon, fled Rome as a result of the cruelty of the Emperor Nero (in one of the chronicles, two versions were reported: one each -
1 Kostomarov N. I. Lectures on Russian History, Part 1. St. Petersburg, 1861, p. 35.
2 Чамярыцкi В. А. Беларуcкiя летапiсы як помнiкi лiтаратуры. Мiнск. 1969.
3 Shchakhmatov A. A. Zapiskaia o zapadnorusskikh letopisyakh [A note on the Western Russian Chronicles]. - Chronicle of the activities of the Archeographic Commission. Issue No. 13. St. Petersburg, 1901, p. 41; Tikhomirov I. A. On the composition of the West Russian, so-called Lithuanian chronicles. - Journal of the Ministry of National Education (ZHMNP), 1901, NN 3, 5.
4 Batura R. K., Pashuto V. T. Culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. - Voprosy istorii, 1977, N 4, p. 113.
5 Stryjkowski M. Kronika polska, litewska, zmodzka i wszystkiej Rusi. T. I, II. W. Krolewcu. 1582; 2nd ed.: Warszawa. 1846 (further references to this edition).
6 Ibid. T. I, s. 354.
7 Ibid., s. 57, 87, 316; T. II, s. 58.
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they fled from Nero, according to another - they were saved later from the leader of the Huns Attila). After sailing the seas, the fugitives reached the Neman and, climbing up, reached the Dubisa River, along the banks of which they settled. "Nero was a cruel and unbalanced sovereign," says the chronicle. -He inflicted unbearable insults and oppressions on the princes, the Roman panes, the nobles, and the entire people, why none of his subjects, because of his cruelty and fickleness, was sure not only of their possessions and treasures, but also of their lives... A certain Roman prince named Palemon, who was a close relative of Nero, assembled with his wife and children, and with all his treasures, and with his subjects, and with the prince went five hundred nobles with their wives and children, and with many people. And they took an astronomer with them, and went in ships by sea to the sunset, desiring to find a place on earth where they could live in peace. " 8 The area of their initial stay was called Zhomoyt (Zhemaitiya, i.e. Western Lithuania). In the future, the settlers began to move east and, having crossed the Nevyazha River (modern times). Nyavezys) and Saint, settled the area between Nevyazhy and Vilia (modern times). Nyaris). This territory became known as Lithuania. One of Palemon's descendants crossed the Vilia and Neman Rivers with his retinue and founded the town of Novgorodok (now Novogrudok) 4 miles to the south on a mountain. Its founder became known as the Grand Duke of Novogorodsky. Since that time, the chronicler's attention has shifted to the actions of the princes of Novogorod, who, allegedly seizing South-Western and Southern Belarus with part of the future Ukraine, created a huge state that later merged with Lithuania. This triune state became known as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Russian (otherwise - Russian Novogorodsky) and Zhemaitsky.
V. N. Tatishchev and N. M. Karamzin considered these reports to be Stryikovsky's invention, and his reputation as a writer was established .9 However, since the 1820s, they began to find one after another chronicles with the same information. The first to be discovered was Supraslskaya, which was located in the Supraslsky monastery, founded in the possession of the Novogorod voivode and Marshal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania A. I. Khodkevich, who gave the Supraslsky Monastery "more than a hundred handwritten books" 10, and then archimandrites acquired new books, handwritten and "broken" (printed). This monastery became a Uniate monastery in the 17th century. Although the Khodkevichi converted to Catholicism, the books collected there were kept until the second half of the 19th century, when the vault was almost completely emptied.
The Supraslskaya manuscript and the Supraslskaya chronicle are the most famous of the monastery manuscripts. The discovery of both is associated with the name of Prof. M. E. Bobrovsky University of Vilnius. In 1830, the Slovenian scholar V. Kopitar turned to the founder of Russian Slavic studies A. Kh. Vostokov with a request to send a copy of any of the oldest Cyrillic manuscripts for comparison with the Glagolitic one he found. Vostokov asked Bobrovsky for 11 , and Bobrovsky sent Kopitar a third of the Suprasl manuscript with a note that he would send him the second part, having received back the first 12 . Kopitar returned the first one in exchange for the second one, which he did not return. It is now in the library of the University of Ljubljana. The first part was later transferred to the Zamoyski Library in Warsaw, and the third part was purchased by the Public Library in St. Petersburg (now the Saltykov - Shchedrin State Public Library, hereinafter referred to as the GPB).
As for the Suprasla chronicle itself, although it was originally discovered by Bobrovsky 13 , its further fate is connected with prof. I. N. Danilovich of Vilnius University, who published it with a lot of notes and an addition from the Sofia Chronicle of news about Lithuania that was missing from the chronicle .14
8 PSRL. T. XXXV. Moscow, 1980, p. 128.
9 Tatishchev V. N. Istoriya Rossiiskaya [Russian History], Vol. 1, Moscow, 1962, p. 290; Karamzin N. M. Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo [History of the Russian State]. Book 1, vol. II. St. Petersburg, 1842, ed., ch. II, N 35.
10 Bobrovsky P. O. The fate of the Suprasl manuscript. Historical and bibliographic research. St. Petersburg, 1887, p. 9.
11 Ibid., pp. 19, 28, 29.
12 Ibid., p. 35.
13 Bobrovsky P. Another note on the Suprasl manuscript. - ZHMNP, 1888, N 4, p. 347.
14 Dziennik Wilenski, 1823, N 3; 1824, NN 1 - 3.
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Considering that the greatest interest in this work will cause the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Danilovich typed the chronicle of Polish graphics. Printing was not yet finished when he moved from Vilna to Kharkiv, and work on the chronicle stopped. Then prof. M. Sosnovsky published a chronicle of the Vilna University with his preface 15 . In the transmission of Polish graphics, this chronicle was known until the publication of the XVII vol. The Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (PSRL) in 1907, where it is printed in Russian script.
The Suprasl chronicle is the only one among the Belarusian - Lithuanian chronicles, which says that it was rewritten in 1519 by order of Prince S. I. Odintsovo, and it was copied by Grigory Ivanovich. It consists of three parts. The first contains information from all-Russian chronicles, although there are also unique news; the second is based on the "praise" of Grand Duke Vytautas; the third describes the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the death of Gediminas to the 30s of the XV century. Despite all the richness of its content, there is no legend about the arrival of the "Romans" in Lithuania. Then came the new findings. In 1830, in the Vilna "New Year's Book", the gymnasium teacher L. I. Klimashevsky published an excerpt from a previously unknown chronicle, which spoke about the murder of Grand Duke Sigismund Keistutovich in Troki . Klimashevsky was sentenced to death for participating in the uprising of 1831. After fleeing abroad, he did not continue to chronicle.
This chronicle belonged to the landowner A. Bykhovets, owner of the Mogilevtsy estate (Volkovysk uyezd, Grodno province). Soon it was received by T. Narbut, who then used it extensively in writing the "Ancient History of the Lithuanian People" 17 . He gave : a palaeographic description of the manuscript, and in 1846 published the chronicle as a separate book, calling it the Bykhovets Chronicle 18 . It has no beginning and no end, and several pages are missing in the middle of the text. Narbut estimated that about half of the manuscript was lost .19 According to our calculations, only 10% of the text is missing. In the chronicle, the end of the description of the flight of the "Romans" is preserved (Attila prompted them to do this). It ends with a description of the defeat of the Horde troops by the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania near Yelets in 1506. The promised story about the "amazing" events associated with the name of Mikhail Glinsky is not available (obviously, due to the loss of the end of the manuscript). The chronicle is written in the Old Belarusian language in Cyrillic; in the XVIII century it was rewritten in Polish graphics. The Cyrillic alphabet was preserved only in the transmission of Biblical expressions. When printing the chronicle, Narbut attached a facsimile of the passage, which can be used to judge what the manuscript looked like. This chronicle is a separate work, the rest of the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles are part of historical or artistic collections.
As in other chronicles containing legends, the legend in this chronicle pays the main attention to Novogorod, and from the characters-to representatives of the coats of arms of Kitovras (Centaur) and Kolyumns (Columns), representing the Gashtold and kn families. Golypanskikh mountains. Turning to real news, the chronicle gives lengthy reports about persons or events that are mentioned briefly or not at all in other chronicles. For example, here is a description of the battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the honor of defeating the troops of the Order is given to the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; a small Polish detachment is also mentioned, and " other Polish troops... just watched" the battle. The chronicle of the battle of Kletsk tells in detail. Its description is clearly made by an eyewitness. It tells in detail about the murder of Sigismund Keistutovich.
"In the summer of 6948... (1440) Grand Duke Sigismund... he committed great cruelties against his subjects, especially against the gentry class. He seized them and committed terrible cruelties on them, punished them innocently, killed and tortured them in any way he could think of, and did this to all the princes and panyats and all the gentry of all the lands of Lithuania, Russia and Samogait... First of all-
15 Latopisiec Litwy i kronika ruska. staraniem i pracg Ignacego Danilowicza. Wilno. 1827.
16 Noworocznik Litewski na rok 1831. Wilno. 1830, s. 93 - 102.
17 Narbutt T. Dzieje starozytne narodu litewskiego. Tt. I - IX. Wilno. 1835 - 1841.
18 Pomniki do dziejow litewskich. Wilno. 1846.
19 Ibid., s. II.
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"He captured two princes, his close relatives, intending to execute them: Prince Yuri Lingvenevich and Prince Olelka Vladimirovich." Then the Vilna and Troisk voivodes, supported by Prince Czartoryski, took such a move: the nobleman Skobeyko from Kiev "was given three hundred cartloads of hay, and for each cart they put five armed men under the hay, and one man drove the cart, and sent that Skobeyko to Troki, allegedly with deacon hay... And Prince Czartoryski, having entered the castle with Skobeiko and all those wagons, the castle was closed, and all those people got out of the wagons and went straight to the bedroom of Prince Sigismund, where he was listening to Mass... and Prince Czartoryski began to tell him about all his evil deeds that he had committed over all the nobles of the Grand Duchy and about what else he had planned, finally, at that diet, to exterminate all the lords and all the gentry class, and to shed their blood, and raise up the dog's blood of the peasants, and having said those words, finally said: "What you have prepared for the princes, the lords and all of us to drink, now drink it alone." And he rushed at him, intending to kill him, but he had nothing, and so Skobeyko grabbed a pitchfork with which they were adjusting the wood in the fireplace, and with those pitchforks hit him... and the blood spattered from his head on the wall, which is still visible on the wall of his bedroom, in the tower, in the Great Castle of Troc. " 20 However, there is a lot of confusion in the description of events and failures in the chronology. This is a complex work, parts of which were created at different times, and the records of the end of the XV-beginning of the XVI century. made by an eyewitness. The author of this section knew the Novogrudok - Slutsk area very well, and was familiar with the kn family. Slutsk, he is no stranger to local dialectisms. Most likely, the chronicle was "refined" by a Belarusian and an Orthodox person. Although there are no national-religious attacks, the chronicle emphasizes that the Lithuanian gentry is superior to the Polish. None of the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles has as many opinions in the literature as this one 21 . It was translated into 22 Russian and 23 Lithuanian languages.
In the middle of the 19th century, M. O. Bodyansky published a part of the source called the Chronicles of Rachinsky, or Poznań 24 . It is part of a handwritten collection of the 16th century, which also contains a number of works of fiction, including stories about Tristan, Beauvais and Prince Guidon. Apparently, the compiler of the collection also looked at the chronicle as a work of art. The Old Belarusian language of this chronicle is similar to the language of the Bykhovets chronicle. Approximately in the same frame was the chronicle of Krasinski (from the Krasinski Library in Warsaw). During the Second World War, this manuscript was destroyed: its appearance can now be judged from the descriptions made at the time by A. Bruckner and E. F. Karsky .25 The manuscript was received by the library in 1833 from the collector of sources, K. A. Kropotkin. Svidziiskogo.
In 1854, A. N. Popov published most of the chronicle, which was called Uvarovskaya, or Slutsk 26 . It belongs to the oldest and consists of two parts. The first describes the events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the second - all-Russian.
In the early 1860s, in connection with the creation of the Vilna Archeographic Commission, the trustee of the Vilna Educational District, I. P. Kornilov, organized something like archeographic expeditions on the territory of Belarus and Lithuania. One of the search results was the discovery of the Turov gospel and the chronicle of Avrahamka. The latter, which has an all-Russian character, was rewritten in Smolensk by a monk
20 PSRL. Vol. XXXII. Moscow, 1975, pp. 155, 156.
21 See about this: Chronicle of Bykhovets, Moscow, 1966, pp. 5-30; Yuchas M. A. Chronicle of Bykhovets. In: Chronicles and Chronicles, Collection of Articles, 1973, Moscow, 1974, p. 220sl.
22 Chronicle of Bykhovets.
23 Lietuvos metrastis. Bychovco kronika. Vilnius. 1971.
24 CHR, 1846, book 1, pp. 7-11.
25 Bruckner A. Ein Weissrussischer Codex miscellaneus der graftich Raczynskischer Bibliothek in Pozen. - Archiw fur slawische Philologie, Brl., 1886, Bd. IX, S. 345-391; Karsky E. F. On the language of the so-called Lithuanian Chronicles. Warsaw. 1894; his own. Proceedings on Belarusian and other Slavic languages, Moscow, 1962, p. 208sl.
26 Chronicle of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. Prepared for publication by A. N. Popov. - Scientific notes of the Second Branch of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1854, book I, ed. III, pp. 21-58.
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Avraamka 27, and was discovered in 1864 in Polotsk. At the end of it, the chronicle of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is written in a different handwriting and without moving on to another topic. The chronicle of Avrahamka is kept in the Library of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR; part of the manuscript concerning Lithuania is called Vilna.
In 1888, the Polish scientist A. Prohaska published an excerpt from the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicle, translated into Latin, which he found in the materials of the Crown Metric (State Archive of the Kingdom of Poland) .28 In 1902, B. A. Vakhevich published the chronicle, which he called Rumyantsevskaya (the manuscript was in the Rumyantsev Museum, now the Lenin State Library of the USSR) 29 . This manuscript is placed in a collection containing various kinds of historical works and compiled in Moscow or near it.
Over time, a large number of chronicles on the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania have accumulated. Academician A. A. Kunik's proposal to publish them in a separate volume was initially made by Academician A. A. Shakhmatov, who determined the composition of the corresponding volume and gave it the name - West Russian Chronicles; the main part of the printing work was done by S. L. Ptashitsky. The Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles made up the XVII volume of the PSRL 30 . In addition to them, the volume included a number of works written in Russia, but concerning the origin of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania.
In 1877, P. A. Kulish published the Barkulabov Chronicle 31 , written in c. Barkulabove (near the town of Stary Bykhov, Mogilev region). This is a special kind of chronicle: it tells mainly about what happened in the village itself or in the area close to it. The author is probably a clergyman. He paid much attention to the Brest Ecclesiastical Union of 1596. The Barkulab chronicle was written in a popular, almost colloquial language, and its author had a literary gift. Here is one of the passages of this chronicle: "In the same year, 1601, on the tenth day of October, it snowed heavily for a whole week, falling to half-sun, and there was also a strong storm. Then the spring wheat, oats, buckwheat, peas, and all the vegetables, a great deal of spring wheat in the fields remained uncompressed, and what was compressed in the heaps was covered with snow, so that it was pitiful and terrible to look at and hear the sighing and crying of the poor, poor ploughmen. And so that snow lay for 2 weeks until Dmitrieva Saturday itself, the frosts were so severe that the Dnieper River froze and we drove along it like in the middle of winter. And then, by the grace of the all-merciful Lord God, because of the weeping and great sighing, the snow melted and the Dnieper River was freed from ice. And then they began to reap - to grieve for the snow, in the cold. There were also great frosts, so they built fires, warmed themselves, and it was terrible and pitiful to see: three or two people would barely reap forty sheaves of oats or yaritsa in a day, because the crops were very close to the ground. Poor people used to eat spring wheat in the spring, but this is only for cattle, and many people used their own crops in the spring; poppies, peas, beans, millet, and turnips all died completely. And those who threshed the spring grain, only the appearance was, and if it is bold and baked, it will be baked in the oven, but it will not come off the shovel; they choose bread from the oven with a ladle. So lei and rola was very neumolotnaya, and if you bake bread from rloshoy flour, the dough was sweet, and for the crust at least put a spoonful, and it does not bake in the oven. In the autumn, those who sowed old rye had nothing; those who sowed more with new rye did not reap. " 32 This chronicle, repeatedly reprinted 33 , was not included in the XVII volume of the PSRL, because it is "private" in nature.
27 PSRL. Vol. XVI. SPb. 1889.
28 Prochaska A. Przeklad ruskiego latopisca ks. Litewskiego na jezyk lacinski. - Kwartalnik historyczny, Lwow, 1888, ks. II, zesz. 2.
29 Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, 1902, vol. XXIV, ed. I, pp. 161-224.
30 Ulashchik N. N. Preparation for printing and publication of volume XVII of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles. In: Chronicles and Chronicles, pp. 360-363.
31 Kulish P. A. Materials for the history of the Reunification of Russia, vol. 1, Moscow, 1877, pp. 45-89.
32 PSRL. Vol. XXXII, pp. 187-188.
33 It was published by M. V. Dovnar-Zapolsky (see Kiev University News, 1898, No. 12, additions, pp. 1-38). He also published it as a separate book, placing his research after the text (Barkulabovskaya chronicle. Kyiv. 1908, pp. 1-38, I-XII). Next, E. R. Romanov. (Mogilev Gubernskie Vedomosti, 1899) published the chronicle
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To find out which monuments of the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicle have come down to our time, it was necessary to examine the storage facilities of the USSR and Poland. These investigations allowed us to establish that, in addition to the Yerasinski chronicle, the rest are located in the same place where they were at the beginning of the XX century; only the Olszewski chronicle is now stored in the Warsaw National Library .34 Several lists of the Lithuanian and Zhomoit chronicles were found in the GPB; there is also a manuscript of the Mogilev Chronicle, which was considered lost for a long time. In the archive of Tobolsk, V. I. Buganov found a "Chronicler", part of which is the chronicle of Lithuania and Zhomoitskaya. In particular, it refers to the Crimean raids: "In the summer of 1506. Mahmet Giray Sultan, Prince of Perekop, came to Russia with his brother Biti Giray Sultan and Burnos Sultan with all his forces... and they came to the Dnieper, to Loeva Gora, and there Makhmet Giray Sultan himself crossed the Dnieper and approached the Minsk castle, and sent two of his brothers near Slutsk, who came to Slutsk on the day of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos. And Princess Anastasia locked herself in Slutsk Castle. And they laid waste all the volosts near Slutsk, and Slutsk, the city and the castle (knowing that the princess was locked up there) stormed, making trenches and laying fire, but the inhabitants of Slutsk defended themselves well... And the eldest king, Mahmet Giray Sultan... koshem stood near Minsk and ravaged all the parishes near Minsk, burned Minsk and returned without losing any of his people. " 35
In view of the fact that the amount of material to be published on the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and certain places in Belarus has increased dramatically compared to that published in the 17th volume of the PSRL, it was decided to publish two volumes of Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles. In the XXXII volume, the PSRL included the Lithuanian and Zhomoit chronicles, the Bykhovets chronicle, the Vitebsk chronicle of Pantsyrny and Averkov, and the Barkulab chronicle; excerpts from the Chronicler are included in the appendix. The next volume (XXXV according to the general numbering of the PSRL) included the chronicles: Nikiforovskaya, Supraslskaya, Slutsk (Uvarovskaya), Vilna, Archaeological Society, Academic, Volyn short, Krasinsky, Rachinsky, Olshevskaya, Rumyantsevskaya and Evreinovskaya, in the appendix - Mogilev chronicle by T. R. Surty and Yu. Trubnitsky, an excerpt from the chronicle published in 1836 by P. A. Mukhanov, and the genealogy of the book. Odintsevich, by whose order the Suprasl chronicle was rewritten.
It was he who compiled these chronicles and copied them? By whose order was this done? What was the financial situation of the owners of the manuscripts? How did the manuscripts get into the vaults where they are now? The owners of most manuscripts liked to mark down who they were in the margins and make other notes. Such records are rare in the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles. Therefore, the words of the scribe of the Suprasla chronicle are of particular importance. The collection with this chronicle was rewritten by order of the book. Semyon Ivanovich Odintsevich. There are several versions of the pedigree of this surname 36 . But in all cases when it comes to the location of its possessions or the area of operations in the XV - early XVI century is indicated, Eastern Belarus and Smolensk region are called. Thus, in 1506, S. B. Odintsevich received confirmation of ownership in the Polotsk district. In 1522, Odintsevichi argue for possession of the same 37 . This surname belonged to large landowners. B. F. Odintsevich was obliged to put up 28 armed horsemen, later-33 38 . One rider-
with an introductory article, he also published it in the collection " Mogilev Antiquity "(1900, issue I, p. 1-18), then-in the "Memorial Book of the Vilna Province for 1910", part III (Vilna, 1910, p. 8-12) and again - in the collection "Primary Sources for the history of the Mogilev region" (issue I. Odessa. 1916, p. 1-41); then-A. N. Maltsev (Archeographic Yearbook for 1960, Moscow, 1962, p. 295-320), A. F. Korshunov (Pomniki starazhytnai belaruskai pismennastsi. Мiнск. 1975, pp. 111-155). Finally, it is placed in vol. XXXII of the PSRL, pp. 174-192.
34 Vasilevskienie I, Lazutka S. Pirmoje Lietuvos statuto alisavos nuorasas. Lietuvos TSR Aukstuju Mokslu darbai. - Istorija, 1976, N XVI (1), p. 128.
35 PSRL. T. XXXII, p. 101.
36 ПСРЛ. T. XXXV, c. 282, 283; Bonieсki A. Poczet rodow w Wielkiem ksiestwie Litewskim w wieku XV - XVI. Warszawa. 1887, s. 248.
37 Description of documents and papers stored in the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice. Book 21. Moscow, 1915, p. 78, 243.
38 Lubavsky M. K. Litovsko-russkiy sejm [Lithuanian-Russian Sejm], Moscow, 1901, p. 357.
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The nickname was displayed from eight peasant households, which means that in 1533 Odintsovo owned up to 264 households. The family genealogy ends with the message that the wife of Sigismund Keistutovich was the "sister of rozhonai" of that kn. Grigory, who fled to Moscow; " Prince Veliky acquired with her a son, Mikhailushka. And just as the Grand Duke Zhigimont was slaughtered by the Chertoryzskys, so the Grand Duke's son Mikhailushka flowed to Moscow, and there he was nursed and died. " 39 Here is an excerpt from this chronicle about the uprising in Smolensk in 1440: "In the summer of 1440... there was a great rebellion in the Lithuanian land. And at that time, Pan Andrei Sakovich held the voivodeship in Smolensk from Sigismund, and began to take the Smolnyans to the oath: "If the princes of Lithuania and the lords, and all the land of Lithuania, put anyone on Vilna and on the Grand duchy, and you do not retreat from the land of Lithuania and from the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and do not approach anything else, and you will keep me as your voivode while the Grand Duke is in Vilna." And the boyars, and the burghers, and the black people kissed the cross of Pan Andrew, that they should not retreat from Vilna and keep Pan Andrew honestly as a voivode in Smolensk. And after the Great Day (Easter - N. U.) in Holy Week on Wednesday, the Smolnyans, black men - blacksmiths, kozhemyaks, shoemakers, butchers, boiler makers-decided to drive Pan Andrew out of the city by force, and break the oath, and went out with weapons - with bows, arrows, scythes, and axes and the bell rang. Pan Andrei at that time began to consult with the boyars of Smolensk, and the boyars said to him: "Tell your nobles, pan, to arm themselves, and we are with you. Would it be better to put it in their hands?" And they went with spears against them on horses. And they met Boris and Gleb in the city, beat many black people, but others were still wounded, and the black people fled from Pan Andrei. And that same night Pan Andrey left the city with his wife, and the boyars of Smolensk with him. And after that, in Smolensk, they seized the Smolensk Marshal Petryku and drowned him in the Dnieper, and put Prince Andrey Dmitrievich Dorogobuzhsky as their voivode in Smolensk. " 40
Documents of the Lithuanian Metrica also show that representatives of Odintsovo are connected with the east of Belarus and the Smolensk region. For example, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir granted 6 kop 41 from Smolensky myt kn. Grigory, and the Smolensk boyar of the book. Ivan Odintsevich received 12 kopecks in cash, while Prince Semyon Ivanovich received 10 kopecks in cash . Was Semyon Ivanovich the very person on whose behalf the chronicle was rewritten? You can't say that, but it's acceptable. It can be reasonably stated that the manuscript was rewritten in Eastern Belarus or Western Smolensk region. How did it get into the Super-Branch? In the XVI century. Odintsovo residents held high positions. So, Prince Semyon in 1532-1541 was the mayor of Grodno, his son Andrey in 1549-1550-the mayor of Minsk, Princes Vasily and Grigory in 1548-Grand ducal nobles, and served at the court of the Grand Duke 43 .
In Belarus, feudal lords at the end of the 16th century were characterized by the transition from Orthodoxy to Calvinism or Catholicism. The change of religion meant to some extent the subsequent change of language to Polish (although the polonization of the Belarusian gentry in the XVI - XVIII centuries is exaggerated by some researchers). Many of the tycoon's sons then left to study at universities in Western Europe. Young nobles also went there with the magnate's youth. Abroad, they learned Latin and new European languages 44 . The result was a gradual transition of the written language from Belarusian and Cyrillic to Polish and Latin. By the end of the 17th century, the process had gone so far that the Cyrillic script was forgotten; when it was necessary to rewrite the old text in Cyrillic, it was rewritten in Polish graphics. At the same time, ancient chronicles (especially Cyrillic manuscripts) were devalued and abandoned, especially since the Jesuits systematically destroyed traces of ancient East Slavic culture. This explains the circumstances under which the chronicle
39 PSRL. Vol. XXXV, p. 283.
40 Ibid., p. 60.
41 Kopa-the currency of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, contained 60 pennies.
42 Russian Historical Library (RIB). Vol. XXVII. SPb. 1910, stb. 198, 211.
43 Воnieсki A. Op. cit. s. 216, 217.
44 Doroshkevich V. I. Novolatinsk poetry of Belarus and Lithuania. First half of the 16th century Minsk. 1979, pp. 32-72.
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moved from the Odintsovo house to the west. It's harder to determine when this happened. About Supraslsky, as about no other monastery in Belarus, many documents have been published; among them there are a number of inventory items. However, the descriptions of books and manuscripts placed in them are given in a general form. It can be assumed that one of them was the one that is now called Suprasolskaya 45 .
On the oldest of the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles - Nikiforovskaya there is an inscription Minensis s. Spiriti, indicating that it once belonged to the Minsk Svyatodukhovsky monastery. Judging by the handwriting, the inscription was made around the middle of the XVII century. And the fact that it is written in Latin indicates that it was made by a Uniate. The Library of the Academy of Sciences acquired this manuscript in 1902 from a resident of Gorodets, Nikiforov 46 . But it is still impossible to determine how it got from Minsk to Gorodets. The Slutsk (Uvarovo) chronicle was bought by I. P. Sakharov from a teacher of Uspensky, who came "from Lithuania". Subsequently, it was acquired by A. S. Uvarov 47 . The Olshevskaya chronicle at the beginning of the XIX century belonged to a descendant of the last Mstislav voivode landowner F. Khominsky, previously owned by X. Dobkiewicz, trapper of the Vilna Voivodeship 48 . The chronicle of Bykhovets was owned by a middle-class landowner; given the typeface in which it is rewritten, it can be assumed that the chronicle came to Bykhovets in the middle of the XVIII century. The most extensive inscription on the ownership of the manuscript is found on the collection with the Rumyantsev chronicle: "This book, the glagolemaya chronicler, Bronnitsky district of the Pesochenskaya tithe, the village of Slobodina, the Church of the Intercession of the Most Pure Theotokos of Priest Vasily Markov, evo. He is free to sell it or give it to anyone, only if my hand was signed in addition to the inscription, and the signature is valid. Signed by my right hand in 1780. " 49
So, the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles were kept at various times by people from various strata of feudal society: The aristocrats (book of Slutsk and kn. Odintsevichi), middle-class landowners (Bykhovets, Khominsky), priests (Markov), and eventually ended up in the repositories of collectors of antiquities (Uvarov, Krazinsky, Rachinsky), or in scientific libraries and archives. The main center where chronicles were written in Belarus in the XVII - XIX centuries was Mogilev. This city began to grow rapidly in the 16th century, ahead of Polotsk and Vitebsk, and received the lesser Magdeburg law, and in 1676 - the greater 50 . Its population has increased 51 . Its rapid growth was favored by its position on the road from Russia to the West. And in cultural terms, Mogilev occupied a prominent place. Since 1597, there was a Fraternal school, later-a Uniate school and a Jesuit college .52 Mogilev youth received education not only in their native city, but also abroad. Wills and inventories show that the rich burghers had quite a few books.
Naturally, there was a need to create the history of your city. The chronicle of Mogilev appeared 53 . Its authors, low-ranking burghers, did not know much about it.
45 Archeographic collection of documents related to the history of the North-Western Region, vol. 9. Vilna. 1870, pp. 50-55, 241-243.
46 Description of the Manuscript Department of the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. 3, issue no. II: Istoricheskie sborniki XV-XVII vv. M. - L. 1963, pp. 107-110.
47 Archimandrite Leonid. Systematic description of Slavonic-Russian manuscripts collected by A. S. Uvarov, Part 3, Moscow, 1894, pp. 65-67.
48 PSRL. T. XVII, p. IX, X.
49 Department of Manuscripts of the V. I. Lenin State Library of the USSR, f. 37, N 435.
50 Wyslouch S. Uwagi о przyczynach rozwoju Mohylowa w XVI - XVII wieku. - Wiadomosci. Studium historii prawa litewskiego. T. I. Wilno. 1938, s. 332.
51 Journey to Muscovy by Baron Meyerberg. - CHOIDR, 1874, book 1, p. 204; Journey of stolnik P. A. Tolstoy, 1697-1699. - Russian Archive, 1888, book I, p. 175.
52 Golenchenko G. Ya. Istoriya belorusskogo knigopechataniya [History of Belarusian book printing]. Abstract of the candidate's thesis. Minsk. 1975, с. 14, 15; Гiсторыя Беларускай ССР. Т. I. Мiнск. 1972, p. 379.
53 Chronicle of the Belarusian city of Mogilev. Collected and written by Alexander Trubnitsky, regent of Mogilev Magdeburg in the second half of the XVIII century, and continued in the first half of the XIX century by his son, provincial secretary Mikhail Trubnitsky. Translated from the Polish original and provided with a preface and appendix by N. Gortynsky (CZOIDR, 1887, book 3, ed. I, pp. 1-142). There is also a separate print.
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only topical literary works in Polish - they were well-read people, knew the works of Velsky, Guagnini, Stryjkovski, "Synopsis", Latin works. All this was used as sources. The collection with the chronicle includes excerpts from the history of medieval Poland, summaries of books on the history of Denmark and Sweden in French and English. T. R. Surta began writing the Mogilev chronicle: he brought it from legendary times to 1701. From the summer of this year to February 1746, the records were kept by Yuri Trubnitsky, for 1747 - 1787 - by his son Alexander; in 1788 - 1810. it was continued by several people whose names could not be established; for 1812 - 1856, the chronicle was kept by Alexander's son Mikhail; the last entry of Ivan Mikhailovich Trubnitsky is marked 1867. In 1872, the manuscript appeared in the GPB. No information is available on who it was received from or under what conditions. The manuscript contains no text from February 1709 until almost the end of 1744. The loss occurred in the late 18th or early 19th century.
Who are its authors? Surta testified that he was a shopkeeper and merchant elder of Mogilev. Shopkeepers were the lowest ranks of the magistrate, which means that Surta's financial situation was not high. Surta was listed as a shafar, i.e. a tax collector, in the Mogilev revenue register for 1679 .54 He kept a cash register in Belarusian, wrote a chronicle in Polish, but also knew Russian well. He reports that he compiled a chronicle based on the stories of "old people", personal observations and archival data. From the "old people" he heard about the stay in Mogilev Nalivayko, Loboda and Mazepa 55 . If this passage was written at the end of the 17th century, then there was no need to ask the "old people" about Mazepa; therefore, this text was added by those who rewrote the chronicle later. Surta "saw for himself" how 113 cattle were killed by lightning in Komarichi 56 . In some cases, it makes links to archival materials. Interesting information about the uprising in Mogilev in 1610: "During the reign of King Sigismund the Third, when Yarosh Volovich Voit at that time, Podskarbia Zemsky and the clerk of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a riot arose in Mogilev. The leaders of the riot were: Ivan Harkevich, Mikita Milkovich, Maxim Talbishev, Gavrila Ivanovich, Mikhail Chebotar, Lavor Mikhailovich and Isai Schensny. These rioters and their supporters were opposed to the magistrate, they did not want to pay taxes to the city, they did not want to obey the magistrate and listen to him, they gathered their supporters for meetings and meetings by ringing their own special bell, they approached the town hall and the magistrate, making various demands, they came to the judicial hut and broke down the door. The magistrate was in great danger at that time. Then, after issuing a special royal decree, transmitted through the aforementioned Voit Mogilevsky, these rioters were tried and at the trial, after both sides took the oath, five rioters were executed, but it is not known where. I only managed to hear from old people who said that they were executed on Elijah's Hill, on the place where the cross used to stand. Some report that the people who were executed were Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, i.e. common people, but the royal decree says nothing about this. " 57 Especially informative are the records of the war of 1654-1667, made from personal observations. News about Russia is less valuable because it is based on hearsay 58 .
Y. Trubnitsky (governor of the magistrate's office) began writing about the Sapieha's struggle with their opponents in the Dnieper region and about the actions of Peter I in connection with the Northern War. However, without even filling out the first page, he describes the situation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, giving the following explanation:" Here, departing from the events that took place in the royal city of Mogilev, I will briefly describe the military operations in Poland and Lithuania from the books of a historian. " 59 Indeed, he goes on to write mainly about the situation in Poland on the eve of and at the beginning of the Northern War. Here are poems that ridicule the Primate of Poland M. Radziejewski and King Augustus II,
54 Historical and legal materials extracted from the act books of the provinces of Vitebsk and Mogilev. T. I. Vitebsk. 1871, p. 1.
55 PSRL. Vol. XXXV, p. 246.
56 Ibid., p. 240.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid., p. 245.
59 Ibid., p. 241.
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and a long story about Mazeppa follows. The section ends with "Carnival" - a satirical work. In conclusion, the "Eolation" (supper) is placed, where Poland at the beginning of the XVIII century is described in an accusatory spirit. Information about the defeat of the Swedish General A. L. Leeuwenhaupt, the Battle of Poltava and the flight of Charles XII is borrowed by the author from unreliable books.
Then Trubnitsky returns to the events in Mogilev and nearby places, paying a lot of attention to the struggle for Bykhov, "where there was a mess no less than in Poland." 60 In general, the chronicler's attention is focused on Mogilev. The situation of 1701-1709 is described on the basis of archival materials and personal observations decades after the events. It is particularly detailed about how much and what funds were issued by the city to the Russian and Swedish armies. The loss of most of Trubnitsky's text does not allow us to judge what it contained for 1709-1745, but the end of the entry for 1745 provides unique information about one of the leaders of the peasant-urban uprising of 1740-1744 in Krichev-Vashchil61 . The records of Yuri's son, grandson, and great-grandson mark only small facts of city life.
The fate of the Mogilev Chronicle was unfortunate. In 1887. it was published in a Russian translation made by N. Gortynsky, and the latter attributed the creation of the chronicle to Alexander and Mikhail Trubnitsky, omitting the names of Surta and Yuri Trubnitsky, and reported that the original was lost, although it was at that time in the GPB. The translation was made from a shortened list and was not sufficiently qualified. V. S. Ikonnikov in his" Experience of Russian Historiography " (part I, book 1. Kiev. 1891, p. 798) gave a brief description of the manuscript; its presence in 1908 was reported by M. V. Dovnar-Zapolsky (Barkulabovskaya chronicle, p. 11, 12) However, this went unnoticed, and as a result, I. I. Filippovich in 1968 "found" the chronicle where it had lain for almost a century .
Another chronicle dedicated to Mogilev is the "Notes" of Abbot Orestes. However, this work cannot be attributed to the genre of memoirs, if only because it describes events over the course of almost 500 years. The name "Notes" appeared as a result of a misunderstanding. Having borrowed most of the data from the chronicles of Surta and Trubnitsky, the abbot also cites a number of facts that are unknown from other sources, in particular, about the unrest of the peasants of Mogilev region in 1812 during the French occupation. The main part of the" Notes " is published in the second volume of the "Archeographic Collection "(Appendix, p. I-CI), the rest - in the fifth volume of the same edition (p.71-130). Two lists of "Notes" are known: the complete list is in the Manuscript Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, and the abbreviated list is in the Manuscript Department of the State Library of the Ussr. Inside the full list is an anonymous chronicle of the XVIII century-an independent work.
The Vitebsk chronicle is smaller in volume and poorer in content than the Mogilev chronicles. Its authors were the townspeople of this city - M. Pantsyrny, Averka's father and son, Ya. Charnovsky. It is written in Polish. In 1883, the chronicle was translated into Russian by A. P. Sapunov (who also made the translation) 63. In 1888, it was published in the original 64 .
Thus, the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicle covers the period from the middle of the XIII to the middle of the XIX century. Naturally, during this time it has changed both in content and language. The oldest chronicles were written in Old Russian, later - in Old Belarusian, chronicles-in Polish and Russian. Touching upon various issues, the chroniclers focused on political events. The historical significance of these chronicles lies in the fact that they contain data on the past of fraternal neighboring peoples who are now part of a single Soviet family.
60 Ibid., p. 253.
61 Ibid., p. 280
62 Фiлiповiч I. I. Хронiка Магiлева. - Pomniki gistory i kul'tury Belarusminsk, 1972, N 4, p. 29
63 Vitebsk Antiquity, vol. I. Vitebsk, 1883, pp. 455-475.
64 Collection of chronicles related to the history of Southern and Western Russia. Kiev, 1888, pp. 237-272.
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