On September 6, 1907, the Military District Court began considering the case of members of a Military organization attached to the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP1 in the building of judicial institutions cordoned off by troops in St. Petersburg . The trial lasted two weeks and was held behind closed doors. Even the defendants ' relatives and friends were not allowed to enter the courtroom. On September 7, the St. Petersburg liberal - bourgeois newspaper Rech published a lengthy report on the trial) by naming the accused. Among them was the doctor Fyodor Vasilyevich Gusarov 2 .
The indictment stated that the persons brought to trial in 1906 joined "a secret community called the Military Organization under the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP and the Joint Committee of the same Party, which obviously set for them the goal of its activities to forcibly change the established monarchical way of government to a republican one by means of popular insurrection and mutinies in army and navy units... Members of this society conducted oral propaganda among military ranks, organized gatherings that were not permitted by the latter, distributed among them all kinds of revolutionary publications, pamphlets and proclamations, as well as party organs of the time press and, in particular, issues of the Kazarma newspaper published by the community, specially adapted for propagating the above-mentioned socialist and revolutionary ideas among the troops. "3 About Gusarov, the indictment stated: "While in contact with members of a Military Organization, he directed his activities to criminal agitation among the troops of the St. Petersburg garrison, and also as a member of the Committee attached to the Military Organization, he had influence over the District District, which includes troops stationed in Kronstadt, Krasnoe Selo, Oranienbaum and others."4
On September 21, the verdict was announced. The court sentenced Gusarov to four years of hard labor with deprivation of the rights of state 5 . The next day, the sentence was submitted for approval to the commander of the Guards of the St. Petersburg Military District, who replaced Gusarov's penal servitude with a reference to a settlement in Sibir6 . A month later, Fyodor Vasilyevich was sent to the Yenisei province...
F. V. Gusarov was born on April 15, 1875, in the village of Vassar. Sumino, Tsarskoye Selo Uyezd, St. Petersburg province, in the family of a teacher. In 1893, he graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and in the autumn of the same year entered the Military Medical Academy. On November 10, 1898, by the decree of the probationary commission at the Academy, he was "awarded the degree of doctor with honors", and by the order of the military department on civil ranks of November 29 of the same year, he was appointed to serve as a junior doctor in the 107th Troitsky Infantry Regiment, which was stationed in Vilna 7 . Since the late 90s, Gusarov has become an active member of the revolutionary movement in Russia. In 1900, he became a member of the RSDLP. After the Second Party Congress - a Bolshevik. Fyodor Vasilyevich was one of the organizers in 1901 of the military revolutionary group in Vilna and its leader, a member of the Iskra Transport Bureau, a member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in 1903-1904. "Bobrov", "Doctor", "Kuzma", " Mitro-
1 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, dd. 12486-12501.
2 Out of 51 defendants, 33 were in the dock; 18 people released on bail and those who were not in custody evaded appearing in court, went underground or emigrated.
3 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12486, ll. 5-26.
4 Ibid., l. 11.
515 people were sentenced to hard labor for a term of four to eight years, two were exiled to a settlement, and 16 were acquitted for lack of proof of the charges (ibid., 12498, ll. 15-21).
6 Ibid., l. 21.
7 Ibid., f. 546, op. 2, d. 2632, l. 15; d. 3457, l. 59.
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fan", "Mitrofanov" - these party nicknames were known to his comrades in the struggle. F. V. Gusarov's name is mentioned in the works of V. I. Lenin, 8 and in many publications on the history of the revolutionary movement and the CPSU .9
...1905 year. The revolutionary events in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities stirred up Russia. Attaching great importance to the participation of the army in the revolution, the Bolsheviks launched active work in the troops. Their agitators and propagandists in units and naval crews distributed leaflets and newspapers, legal and illegal literature, called meetings and gatherings. The most experienced propagandists formed underground circles of soldiers and sailors, explaining to them the need to go over to the side of the workers and peasants in order to jointly fight the autocracy. In large cities with military garrisons, the Bolsheviks established military organizations and committees. The most significant and active was the Military Organization attached to the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, headed by the citywide committee.
At that time, Gusarov served as a junior military doctor of the 29th Artillery Brigade in Riga, but often visited St. Petersburg, where his wife, mother, two brothers and sister lived. In April 1906, due to the expiration of his term of service in the army and due to "frustrated family circumstances", he applied to the command with a report on the dismissal to the reserve of an official of the military medical department. The request was granted, and in May Gusarov returned to St. Petersburg .10 There he took up a private medical practice; collaborated in the bourgeois-liberal newspapers " Nasha Zhizn "and" XX Vek", earning his living 11 ; most of the time he devoted to illegal revolutionary activities. Under the nickname "Bobrov", he worked in the Military Organization Committee of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP. The accumulated experience of the revolutionary struggle during the years of service in the army Gusarov skillfully applied in the conditions of the ongoing revolution 12 .
The committee of the Military organization determined the nature of its work, appointed responsible organizers in the districts, members of the editorial board of its printing body, propagandists and agitators, a secretary, distributed funds and controlled the activities of the entire organization. Two of its representatives were elected to the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP13 . The Committee worked not only in the capital, but also in its surroundings. For each organizer of work in the army, certain military units were assigned. This work was most actively carried out among the soldiers of the Life Guards of the Jaeger and Pavlovsk, as well as the Finnish and Novo-Cherkassy regiments, the 4th railway, 18th sapper battalions and other units and divisions. February 15, 1906 The military organization published the first issue of the illegal newspaper "Kazarma" 14 . In an address to readers, say, moose: "The printed word will come to the aid of a soldier in search of the truth, will make it easier for him to find out what needs to be done." Until March 1907, 13 issues were published. Working in the editorial office of Kazarma, Gusarov edited incoming materials, prepared articles, contacted correspondents in military units and naval crews, selected correspondents-soldiers and sailors, workers and artisans, students and students of private workshops. Pain-
8 See: Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 46, p. 318. 340, 354, 363, 371, 375.
9 The study of the life, revolutionary struggle, and socio - political activities of F. V. Gusarov began relatively recently (see: Valonis A., Fyodor Vasilyevich Gusarov. - Kommunist, Vilnius, 1959, N 11; Artemyev V., Koval G. Fedor Gusarov. - Soviet youth, Irkutsk, 16. V. 1972; Kozhevnikov G. N., Trushin N. I., Doctor-revolutionary F. V., Gusarov. - Soviet Healthcare, 1972, N 12; Malozemova A. I. Doctor-Bolshevik Fedor Vasilyevich Gusarov. - Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1972, N 9; Kozhevnikov G. N., Trushin N. I. Revolyutsioner F. V. Gusarov. - Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, 1975, N 6; Komodaite Yu. Tested fighter-Soviet Lithuania, 27. IV. 1975; Galkina T. I. Lenin knew him. In: Destinies Connected with Omsk. Omsk, 1976; her own. Underground nickname-Doctor. Omsk, 1982; Trushin N. I. F. Gusarov's revolutionary activity in Vilnius. Kommunist, Vilnius, 1983, N 8.
10 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 546, op. 2, d. 3457, l. 56.
11 Ibid., f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12489, l. 158.
12 Trushin N. I. F. Gusarov's revolutionary activity in Vilnius, pp. 48-55.
13 Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia. The dock. and m-ly. The second period of the revolution. 1906-1907. Part 2, book 1. Moscow, 1961, p. 327.
14 At various times, prominent figures of the Bolshevik Party V. V. Borovsky, M. S. Olminsky, V. R. Menzhinsky, V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, E. M. Yaroslavsky and others worked in the editorial office of Kazarma.
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Gusarov also played a significant role in the distribution of the "Barracks".
Recalling the Bolshevik publishing activities in those years, V. D. Bonch-Bruevich wrote that Lenin often visited the Vperyod publishing house, read the Kazarma newspaper there, was keenly interested in its organization, and provided advice and instructions to the editorial board on the publication of newspapers and leaflets for soldiers and sailors. 15 The tsarist authorities, seeing in Kazarma a "revolutionary leaflet" dangerous for the autocracy, searched the newspaper with special care during arrests and searches of revolutionaries, and attached the copies found to the cases of their accusation as evidence of "criminal agitation in the troops".16 Especially active in the army, Gusarov deployed in May-July 1906, led meetings of soldiers, gave instructions to propagandists and agitators. On August 12, 1906, the head of the Department for the Protection of Order and Public Security in St. Petersburg reported to the special department of the Police Department that Gusarov was known to the department as an active member of the Military Organization attached to the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP; "while in communication with members of the Military Organization," the report also said, " he directed its actions as a member of the Committee attached to the Military Organization, he had influence over the District District, which includes troops stationed in Kronstadt, Oranienbaum, Krasnoe Selo, and other cities near Moscow."17
The organization of work in the army, the creation of flying detachments of agitators and propagandists from soldiers and sailors, participation in the activities of non-party organizations, the organization of meetings in barracks, the need to influence soldiers through peasants were considered at Committee meetings. In one of the minutes of the meeting, it is noted that in the 18th naval crew, 10 circles were created from representatives of all companies and vessels, numbering 90 people. At the meeting of the Military Organization Committee, which was held under the leadership of Gusarov and mining engineer A. P. Malozemov, an Executive Bureau of eight people was formed: five organizers, a responsible propagandist, a responsible writer and a secretary. Gusarov and Malozemov were chosen as responsible organizers. The duties of a responsible writer were performed by Menzhinsky. At the same time, it was decided to build work on the principle of centralism, obeying the decisions of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP; to fight against manifestations of anarchy; measures were developed to strengthen conspiracy in view of the failures of some underground members of the Military Organization .18
The headquarters of the St. Petersburg Military Organization No. 19 was F. N. Radzilovskaya's apartment at 12 Pervaya Rozhdestvenskaya Street. Many activists of the Military Organization came here, and party publications were kept there. It is known from gendarme documents that the Military organization had a network of safe houses and storage points for illegal literature. These were private offices or apartments of volunteer assistants to a Military organization. One of these points was located in the photo of Elkin on Ofitserskaya St. in St. Petersburg. The photographer's student I. A. Gorokhov and his friend F. I. Zhdanovich established contact with the soldiers of several regiments and distributed the newspaper "Kazarma", proclamations and leaflets among them. Later, Gorokhov and Zhdanovich came to the attention of the okhrana. However, they managed to circumvent the gendarmes: the latter, during their arrest and during a search of the premises of the photograph on July 20, 1906, "did not find anything criminal" 20 . During the interrogations, Gorokhov and Zhdanovich gave such testimony that they led the gendarmes to a dead end. The court, to which they were nevertheless committed, was forced to acquit them .21
On July 18, 1906, uprisings of sailors and soldiers broke out in Sveaborg, and on the night of July 20 in Kronstadt. On July 19, members of the Committee of the Military Organization Gusarov and Malozemov were sent to Kronstadt. Their departure was not noticed by the Okhrana, as the head of the St. Petersburg security department reported to the Police Department: information "was received
15 Bodrov M. P. Bolshevik military newspapers during the First Russian Revolution, Moscow, 1956, p. 53.
16 "Kazarma" dated 8.V. and 12.VIII.1906 is attached to the case against Gusarov et al. (TSVIA USSR, f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12495, ll. 14-17; d. 12499, ll. 1-4).
17 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, 1906, d. 2, ch. 4, l. 102.
18 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 801, op. 5/65, 5 ed., 1907, d. 13/3, vol. 4, part 2, ll. 273-274.
19 Ibid., pp. 271-272.
20 Ibid., pp. 280-281.
21 Ibid., f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12498, ll. 20-21.
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only after their departure, why it was not possible to detain them before departure, nor to inform the head of the Kronstadt Gendarme department in advance about their departure. Agents were sent to Kronstadt for Gusarov and Malozemov with instructions to arrest these individuals, but this task was not carried out due to the outbreak of the mutiny."22 However, in Kronstadt on July 20, Gusarov and Malozemov were still detained by a military police patrol squad and taken to the police station as" suspicious". On the same day, the head of the Kronstadt Gendarme Department issued a decision to detain Gusarov and Malozemov until "clarification of the circumstances of the present case" and keep them in the Kronstadt Military Prison 23 . They were put in solitary confinement, and they did not see each other until the trial. And in St. Petersburg, on the eve of these events, the Okhrana arrested several members of the Military Organization Committee (including V. R. Menzhinsky), who had gathered at 8 Pereulok. Gusev to an extraordinary meeting to discuss issues related to the sailors ' uprising in Sveaborg and the brewing uprising in Kronstadt 24 .
On the night of July 22, the St. Petersburg Okhrana, at the request of the head of the Kronstadt Gendarme Department, began searching Gusarov's apartment at 6 Novo - Peterhof Street. The door was opened by his wife Afanasia Ivanovna. Besides her, Gusarov's sister E. V. Idzikovskaya was in the apartment. The search lasted several hours. In the early morning, a report was drawn up, in which the gendarmes had to write down: "there was nothing to be arrested in the apartment."25 On the same day, the assistant chief of the Kronstadt Gendarme department, captain M. M. Rakitsky, interrogated Gusarov, who answered the questions raised in his own hand in the protocol.: "I plead not guilty to distributing exercises and judgments among the troops that incite military officials to violate the duties of military service. He did not take part in the revolt of the garrison of troops in Kronstadt on the night of July 19-20 of this year." This is his response to the charge. And further about the circumstances under which he found himself in Kronstadt: "He left St. Petersburg at 6 o'clock in the evening with Malozemov and intended to find out about his fellow member of the academy, Dr. Zabotkin, 26 and return to St. Petersburg via Oranienbaum on the same day." Then Gusarov explained that Zabotkin was not in the city, and they went to the pier after dinner at the hotel, but due to the late time and the inability to pass, they waited until morning in the house of citizen Prokhorova, and when they went outside, at 6 o'clock in the morning, 27 were detained . Malozyomov gave similar explanations during the interrogation, explaining that he went to Kronstadt with Gusarov "for a walk." 28
The testimony of Gusarov and Malozemov was carefully checked. Witnesses were questioned, identifications were made, certificates were requested, and inquiries were made. However, the gendarmes failed to obtain evidence of their guilt. Everything that Gusarov and Malozemov said during interrogations about the circumstances of their stay in Kronstadt was confirmed. But they continued to be held under arrest. On September 7, 1906, the head of the Kronstadt Gendarme department sent a request to the head of the St. Petersburg Gendarme Department, in which he wrote that the detained Gusarov and Malozemov could be released due to insufficient evidence, and therefore asked to know whether they were being held on political business and whether there was any need to keep them in custody .29 Meanwhile, in St. Petersburg, as early as September 2, the chief of the gendarme department gave instructions to start conducting an inquiry into the case of Gusarov, Malozemov and other revolutionaries from the Military Organization of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP .30 The investigation in this case began in May-June 1906, when active members of the Military Police were arrested.
22 Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia. Part 2, book 1, p. 135.
23 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12489, l. 156.
24 Ibid., f. 801, op. 5/65, 5 ed., 1907, d. 13/3, vol. 4, part 2, l. 277.
25 Ibid., f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12489, l. 151.
26 V. K. Zabotkin, during an interrogation on February 14, 1907, confirmed that he had graduated from the Military Medical Academy in 1898 at the same time as Gusarov and had not met him since (ibid., p. 185).
27 Ibid., pp. 158-159.
28 Gusarov, Malozyomov and other prisoners chose the tactic of boycotting the investigation. They pleaded not guilty and refused to give evidence on the merits of the charges. This was their attitude at the trial (ibid., l. 160).
29 Ibid., l. 152.
30 Ibid., d. 12488, l. 35.
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organizations F. N. Radzilovskaya, A. A. Zyabkina, M. N. Gorelova, E. K. Svechnikova and a group of soldiers 31 . The main blow to the Military Organization of the Okhrana was inflicted on July 19, 20 and 21, 1906. In those days, the gendarmes arrested many organizers, propagandists and other activists from among soldiers, sailors, workers, students and intellectuals. On October 20, 1906, E. V. Khlebnikova, the technical secretary of the Military Organization, was arrested. In her apartment, gendarmes seized almost the entire archive of the organization and illegal literature. In their hands were the Charter and minutes of meetings of the Committee of the Military Organization, which contained information not only on the issues discussed, but also on the composition of the Executive Bureau. However, in these documents, members of the Military Organization were listed under the nicknames 32 .
On September 17, 1906, Gusarov and Malozemov were transferred from Kronstadt to the Kresty prison in St. Petersburg. All correspondence about them was also received in St. Petersburg . 33 On October 3, 1906, a decree was announced to Gusarov that he should be charged with conducting anti-state activities. 34 He refused to answer questions on the merits of the charges. On the same day, a different decision was announced to him - to take him "into custody in a separate room", i.e. in solitary cell 35 . Several more times Gusarov was interrogated, trying to get the" necessary " testimony. However, Gusarov was adamant. During one of the interrogations, he was shown photos of other members of the organization. He stated that he had no such acquaintances and did not have 36 (these were the people the Okhrana considered to be the closest employees of Gusarov's Military organization).
Having imprisoned Gusarov alone, the gendarmes wanted to break the revolutionary's will to fight, but he did not lose heart, courageously endured all the hardships and hardships. In prison, Gusarov fell seriously ill. A medical examination showed that his continued incarceration would have a detrimental effect on his health. This circumstance gave grounds for Gusarov's wife to apply for his release pending trial. The security department responded with a categorical refusal 37 . Later, Gusarov submitted an application to the prosecutor of the judicial chamber with a request to change the "measure of restraint" and release him from custody. This application went through the instances for more than two months and remained unanswered .38 On July 18, 1907, Gusarov's wife again applied to the court for her husband's release on bail. The administrative session of the court decided: "In view of the accusation of the defendant Gusarov of a criminal act entailing hard labor, the request for bail should be refused." 39
Gusarov's accusation was based on the materials of the Okhrana, reports of provocateurs and security agents, and testimonies of gendarmerie officials. Thus, on December 21, 1906, Captain Rakitsky was questioned about Gusarov and Malozemov. According to his testimony, many people arrived in Kronstadt at the time of the uprising. In view of this, the commandant of the fortress ordered at 5 o'clock. On the morning of July 20, set up a barrier and, under the direction of a gendarme officer, monitor all arrivals and departures, check their passports and identity cards. As a result, about 60 people were detained. The suspects, including Gusarov and Malozemov, were sent to the naval detention center. Rakitsky further testified that "the next day an agent of the security department arrived from St. Petersburg, who, while examining the detainees on the night of the riot, recognized Malozemov and Gusarov among them and stated that they had been under observation in St. Petersburg." 40
In July 1907, the investigation of the case was completed and an indictment was drawn up, a copy of which was handed over to Gusarov on July 28 . After reading this document,
31 Ibid., f. 801, op. 5/65, 5 ed., 1907, d. 13/3, vol. 4, part 2, l. 280.
32 Ibid., l. 273.
33 Ibid., f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12489, l. 153.
34 Initially, the charges against Gusarov et al. were based on Article 126 of the Criminal Code, which provided for a reference to a settlement. Then it was reclassified to Article 102, Part 1 of the same Code. This article provided for a reference to hard labor. The transition to a more rigid article was motivated by the fact that the activities of the military organizations of the RSDLP were "aimed at the violent overthrow of the existing state and social system in Russia" (ibid., d. 12488, l. 47).
35 Ibid., d. 12489, ll. 177, 178.
36 Ibid., l. 186.
37 Malozemova A. I. Uk. soch., p. 30.
38 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1351, op. 1, vol. 13, d. 12486, l. 34.
39 Ibid., l. 66.
40 Ibid., d. 12492, l. 187.
41 Ibid., d. 12486, ll. 5-26, 135.
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he stated that he "never took part in revolutionary agitation among the lower ranks, nor in the distribution of literature among them, nor in the organization of military revolutionary organizations, as is alleged in the indictment." 42 At the same time, he wrote a motion to summon some of his former direct superiors to court as witnesses. The request was rejected.
Gusarov spent 11 years in prison and exile. And, no matter what conditions he was in, he continued to fight the autocracy. He was one of the organizers of underground party work among the exiled Bolsheviks and the local population of the Yenisei province. Despite the ban, he selflessly helped the sick. Fyodor Vasilyevich participated in the February bourgeois-democratic Revolution and the struggle for the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in the Yenisei Province, for the consolidation of Soviet power in Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and Omsk. Until the end of his life (he died on August 27, 1920), he remained an active member of the RCP(b), working in the health authorities.
The Soviet people honor his memory. Research papers have been written about it. In Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Omsk, there are streets named after the revolutionary. Sumino on the house where he was born, a memorial plaque is installed.
42 Ibid., d. 12497, l. 191.
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